Oceanographic Properties Essay Example for Free

Oceanographic Properties Essay Oceanography is the investigation of the ocean and seas. It is made out of the land investigation of the sea depths and sea highlights. The land parts of the oceanography incorporate physical oceanography which is worries with the physical traits of the sea water for instance flows and temperatures and the concoction oceanography whose fundamental spotlight is on the science of sea waters. Sea life science is the investigation of the maritime widely varied vegetation. Oceanography likewise considers the meteorology which is the communication between the environment and the sea. The Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, Arctic and Antarctic seas and the Mediterranean Sea among others are incorporated in oceanography. Naturalists as Thompson, a Scot, and John Murray a Canadian were among the principal pioneers to find and study oceanography. (Johnson 2005). The paper looks at a portion of the physical, substance and the marine highlights present in the seas. Oceanographic Properties Physical oceanography alludes to the disclosure and the investigation of material science and the topography of the sea flows and water properties. The significant parts are the elements of sea flows on scales from centimeters to worldwide, the sea wave marvels the conveyance of warmth and salt and their vehicle through the sea bowls, the trading of the force, warmth and freshwater between the sea and the air, the collaboration between the sea and waterways, estuaries, ice and peripheral oceans. Physical topography has significant application in worldwide atmosphere, maritime blending and beach front examinations and in the investigations of essential creation, aqueous vents and maritime transition and capacity of carbon dioxide (Robert 2005). The sea is made out of a blend of 97% unadulterated water and 3% different materials models as salts, gases, natural substances, and the undisolved particles. Unadulterated water decides the physical properties. The sea is incomprehensible covering 71% of the earth surface of which 65 % is viewed as untamed sea waters that lie far away from the costal sea. Seas are distinctive with an averaging profundity of multiple miles and containing immense life on top of it even in the most profound bottoms. Maritime life is made out of two significant classes; the pelagic (sea water) and the benthic (the ocean bottom). Pelagic is additionally partitioned with agreement of water profundity. Fig 1. 0 pieces of the sea The initial 200 meters of the sea water is known as the neritic zone which incorporates the coastline and offers inexhaustible nourishment for the bigger creatures due to the ample of little life forms. The sea zone stretches out from 200 meters deep to the base of the sea. Regularly the sea zones are arranged by the measure of daylight they get. The top part which photosynthetic life is found called euphotic zone while the previous zone is the dysphotic zone where light is too diminish to even think about supporting photosynthesis. The aphotic zone where there isn’t any light beams. Littoral zone is nearest to the beach covering a separation of 600 feet from the shoreline and is partitioned into three zones to be specific; the supralittoral which is lowered because of unordinary elevated tides or during storm. The intertidal zone lies between the elevated and low tide lines then the sub-littoral which reaches out from low tide up to 200 meters. Sea water saltiness alludes to the measure of salt found in the 1,000 grams of water. Larger part of the salt substance in the sea originates from land yet some begins from the undersea volcanoes in this way the normal sea saltiness is 35 grams of salt for each 1,000 milligrams. An estuary alludes to where new stream water meets the seas salty waters. Its saltiness is not quite the same as the saltiness of the sea contiguous it Most estuaries are found at stream mouths and are accordingly long and slender, taking after a channel. The water pressure increments with the expansion top to bottom while the temperature which is the proportion of hotness or chilliness of an article is separated into three temperature vertical zones. ? Top layer is the surface or blended layer and it’s enormously affected by the nearby planetary group. ? The accompanying layer is the thermocline and the temperature drops with the expansion top to bottom, ? At that point the third layer is profound water layer and now the temperature diminishes gradually with an expansion top to bottom. In the sea, the water thickness relies upon the temperature, weight and its saltiness. For example chilly salty water is denser than new and warm water. The thickness further partitions the sea into three layers specifically, the surface blended where the temperature and saline substance contrasts henceforth no incredible impact on thickness since it’s in direct contact with the air. Next layer is the change zone where water stays cold and thick and it’s the boundary between the surface and the base zone permitting little water development between the two zones. The base zone is the place water stays cold and thick. This has been shown by the figure 2. 0 beneath. Fig. 2. 0 Density layers in the sea Ocean flows The ebb and flow keeps the sea in a consistent movement and moves a lot of water into huge spans. It is driven by wind powers, gravitational powers and flowing development. There exists various sorts of current in particular the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Eats wind float, the North and Southern central ebbs and flows, the Peru ebbs and flows, the Kureshio current and last the Gulf Stream. They stream in gyres which are circles of water. The gyres turn a clockwise way and in the southern side of the equator they do turn in hostile to clockwise course. The flows can be represented in the Figure 3. 0. The United States of America typically encounters the impacts of the Gulf Stream ebbs and flows in the Northern Atlantic zone, the central current and the Canary current. Generally influenced coastlines are the Florida’s East coast, North Carolina and the Newfoundland. Figure 3. 0 maritime flows Marine Biology By taking a gander at the sea surface, it is hard for one to see the extraordinary assorted variety of life that exists in the sea. The sea represses various types of verdure. They incorporate the well evolved creatures, which are creatures with spines subsequently they are vertebrates. They one of a kind highlights is that they breath air lungs, bring forth youthful ones, produce milk, are warm blooded and are secured with hide. They are the seals, ocean lions, walruses, the ocean oter and the polar bear. Other maritime animals incorporate the monster squid, angelfish coelacanth, lamp fish, gulpers whales, sharks, fishes of numerous sorts. Different types of sea highlights are the coral reefs. (Cone 1992) Oceanic coasts There are different kinds of coasts in the sea and the sea shores are just however one sort. They are separated into two classes to be specific the essential coasts and the optional coasts. The essential coasts were made by non-marine procedures. They happen on account of changes in the land, for example, stream deltas or magma streams while the optional coasts were framed by marine activity and are brought about by changes in the sea, for example, the formation of hindrance islands or coral reefs. Reference Data on the â€Å"Focus on the Ocean† www. onr. naval force Retrieved on 28th March 2009 Cone J. , (1992). â€Å"Fire under the Sea†, NY: Sage Robert H. S. (2005), â€Å"Introduction to physical oceanography† Texas: AM Information on â€Å"The prologue to physical Oceanography† www. es. flinders Retrieved on 28th March 2009: Australia: Flinders college Press. Johnson D. (2005) â€Å"Information that identifies with the Ocean World† www. oceanworld. tamu www. whoi. edu Information on â€Å"The Marine Biology† www. springerlink. com Retrieved on 29th walk 2009.

A Personal Rite of Passage an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The First Time I Lived In an Apartment: A Personal Rite of Passage Eduard Lindeman (1921) once said that development is set apart by the need of humankind to set up great human connections (1). He expressed, Man is foreordained commonly and by condition to live in collaboration with his individual men (Lindeman 1921, 1). This structures culture and social association, as it achieves cheerful connections between its individuals for agreement, propagation, and self-conservation. To stamp the presence of this condition of the real world, French anthropologist Charles-Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957) demanded that there are sure rituals that feature changes during a specific phase of a lifetime, particularly during extraordinary scenes (i.e., birth, adolescence, marriage, parenthood, passing) that give off an impression of being practically consistent whatever culture or race they might be under. These are what he called soul changing experiences, which focuses to a specific progression of occasions and changes, which spread particular and comparative high lights that are set apart by socially characterized organic and social stages: (1) detachment, (2) change, and (3) re-fuse (Goggins II 2004, 4). Need article test on The First Time I Lived In an Apartment: A Personal Rite of Passage point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue The soul changing experiences reflect social stages that people disregard during their lives, for example, birth, initial steps, first words spoken, first day of school, first figured out how to ride bike, first cigarette, first sweetheart and so forth.. There are numerous sorts of customs (e.g., strict, social, mental), however for the American residents, the most regular ones in this heteronormative cultureaside from the ones that were mentionedinclude the second we initially live all alone. This is a custom that pretty much every American resident lives even right up 'til the present time. Along these lines, utilizing the ceremony of encountering the first run through to live all alone, the paper uncovers this change in the three corporate stages expressed by van Gennep. Understudies Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals:How much do I need to pay somebody to make my paper online?Essay authors recommend: Choose The Qualified Help In Writing PapersEnglish Essays For Sale Professional Writer For Hire Cheap Writing Services Buy Papers Online The First Stage: Separation The principal phase of the soul changing experiences is detachment. This mirrors a phase wherein the start starts to isolate from the old approaches to accumulate new abilities, patterns, and ideas. Being a 22-year-old male, this stage began as of late or not exactly a year back, when I chose I needed to move out of my folks house to live in a loft that is around eighteen kilometers from what I used to call home. I realize that different companions of mine began this phase at a previous age when contrasted with mine. One buddy of mine began it during his childhood stage, when he was around 16 years of age. Another buddy began it toward the beginning of his grown-up stage, when he was around 18. Yet, I am a quarter Native American, and it has been our way of life that children and girls ought not be pushed to do what they would prefer think they not to do except if they have concluded that it is the correct time to do it. This gives us opportunity and sway. I began to enter the detach ment stage on account of some mental and social stages that I experienced realizing that, in my group (particularly in school), I am one of only a handful few remainings that have not experienced this sort of living-alone change yet. This social aggravation went its way through the mental degree of my being, and carrying on a sort of dull, featureless life made me need to isolate myself from my family. I have met a typical buddy of mine to ask what he thought when I disclosed to him the news not exactly a year back. As he expressed out, Yeah. We thought, buddy, that you werent going to make a last say for yourself. That is to say, gone ahead, man, youre not going to remain still until youre too old to even think about standing up would you? (name, individual meeting, 20 July 2007). The jobs of these friends, regardless of whether they werent that near me, were still noteworthy to my choice to at long last decide to live all alone. The division stage was the most critical stage for me since it uncovered the boldness to do a few changes that prompted the transitional experience. To commend the ceremony, my companions and I went to the ___________ Club and afterward went through around six hours, while I attempted to make sense of the following thing I needed to do. The Second Stage: Transition The second phase of the soul changing experiences is known as the progress. Here, the start enters the period of non-part and closures it under the stage part. In the wake of understanding who I truly am, or what I am going to do, I felt that my life was truly beginning to take structure. We (there were three of us experiencing a living-alone change) realize that there would be new deterrents and difficulties en route, for example, searching for better methods in winning cash. However for me, the genuine reason and importance of life was beginning to show up, and I at last felt an a psychological and mental internal power, involving me to arrive at the opposite end that practically the entirety of my companions have just been getting a charge out of. In my longing to comprehend what my family truly felt during this huge progress of mine, I requested the assessment of my uncle who lives in [place]. This was what he stated: No doubt, kid, it was acceptable to see you at last learnin to take care of yourself. At the point when I began to live on my own I was about a large portion of your age. Indeed, life was less difficult and simpler back on those past times worth remembering. You just kinda move that ol pony and put grass on the mouth youre bound to succeed livin! Hahah! Presently you cannot do that any longer. What's more, I sure am happy you at last figured out how to stand up, kid! (Uncle ___________, individual meeting, 22 July 2007) I began with the change stage as a non-part during when I reported to my family, during our feast, that I have at long last chosen to live all alone. I sure am happy that they superbly acknowledged my choice. They inquired as to whether it was truly what I needed, and I said yes. My father was so glad seeing his little youngster grown up that he said it is all set angling toward the evening. Clearly angling has been our familys ceremony or custom each time something great and empowering occurs inside the family. My sibling and sister went with us, so did my mother. Around 20 days after, I was at that point a long way from them at Minnesota, and I prevailing with regards to experiencing the change stage alive. The Third Stage: Re-fuse At last, the third stage is known as the re-fuse, wherein a recently progressed part gets the opportunity to be reaccepted again by the network, with the last anticipating that the start should complete missions or purposes in the cultural patterns. This condition of section is the last stage, as the start is taken from its former character in the wake of being isolated from its past societal position and standard. As to individual ritual of starting to live alone, I understood that I experienced it without being strongly moved or supported. In contrast to the previous customs of different races, the U.S. culture of the 21st century reflected one that need not be constrained or constrained. There are commitments, obviously, which at first rethink my new social standing, for example, having the option to achieve my obligations and responsibilitiesmy pledge to remain solitary before the world. Over the social history of America, this change of having the option to live alone in a diffe rent room, house, or condo denotes the puberty of the individual. It was Erikson who expressed that, in a people life cycle, there are really eight periods of the existence cycle: youth and puberty wrap up the initial five phases, while the keep going three phases are on adulthood and the quandary that goes with it (Kaye 2002). This leads us to the explanation that, in America, the ceremony of living alone just because mirrors the finish of the initial five phases and the beginning of the 6th stage, which is on adulthood and the difficulty that goes with it. Indeed, even Elliot Jaques created Eriksons hypothesis when he focused on the significance of emotional meltdown during singular turn of events (Kaye 2002). The time I completed the change stage and entered the re-fuse stage, I was into grown-up realizing, which gives off an impression of being the essential establishment of a grown-up creatures ability to learn, to make due, to blend, to reflect, and to relate. I felt that, while I was experiencing this third stage, the social network was on its verge of tolerating me again into their reality. Man is brought into the world with three natural characteristics, which, in an enormous degree, provide guidance to every one of his thought processes and his demonstration. Every one of us is brought into the world with the drive to protect his own life Each typical individual is likewise invested with the nature to propagate himself And every one of us is brought into the world with the motivation to communicate his own character. Eduard C. Lindemann 1921 The three phases of the individual soul changing experience that I encountered not exactly a year back had all the earmarks of being smooth streaming and triumphant. I for one recognize that reality to my loved ones, who both helped me experience an essential progress in my life, which for me is extremely, significant. There may not be some started custom strategies like trimming the hair, putting tattoos, or scarification, yet the family and network pattern (i.e., celebrating through angling, setting off to the club) can be an update that individual ceremonies reflect the way of life and way of life of the particular start. Another huge indication of the ceremony that focuses to the fruitful festival of having the option to live alone is the utilization of excellent apparel, trimmings, extraordinary food, music and moving that the heteronormative culture of America has inserted in its way of life. Inception ceremonies of the United States of America rely upon the social standing, cu lture, and race of the start. Bec

Cheap Term Paper Writers: Where To Find Good Ones

Cheap Term Paper Writers: Where To Find Good OnesThere are many companies that offer cheap term paper writers. If you have been struggling to get your writing down for any length of time, you may find this surprising news. But, it is true.A lot of people think that cheap term paper writers are the same as free online editors. Well, they aren't. There are some fundamental differences, however.Cheap paper writers are often times made by outsourcing companies that sell their services to individuals or companies. The ones that are made in house are usually made by skilled labor that lives in a separate location and has a consistent set of orders each day. You can imagine how hard it is to write if you have to go back and forth between your home and office to make it, every day. Plus, you'll miss a lot of deadlines if you have to struggle with it on a regular basis.The upside to cheap term paper writers is that they will usually come with a guarantee. You don't have to worry about quality , as these writers tend to be only a few dollars per hour - much less than a friend who lives nearby.It's best to look for cheap term paper writers that are good enough for your needs. In other words, you don't want a cheap writer that is terrible. Of course, there is no way to make sure that the one you are considering is going to do a poor job. So, you need to pick the best writers possible.One good place to start when looking for good cheap term paper writers is with the features they offer. Make sure that the writers you are considering providing a wide variety of templates, which will allow you to personalize your own term papers based on the type of paper you need. You should also look at how detailed the notes are, as well as the company's customer service, so that you know what you're getting. Of course, it goes without saying that the quality of the writer is going to help you determine the quality of the paper.Quality of paper is also an important consideration, as you nee d to feel comfortable with your choice. The way the paper looks should be a reflection of the writer's attention to detail. Make sure that you understand exactly what your contract says, if you aren't familiar with it yet.You can easily find cheap term paper writers on the internet, as most of them have their own websites. All you have to do is visit their websites, and you can actually speak to a representative for free and see how their cheap term paper writers work.

The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3524 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Study of Rajan Luigi, 1995, investigates the determinants of capital structure choice by analyzing the financing decisions of public firms in the major industrialized countries. At an aggregate level, firm leverage is fairly similar across the G-7 countries. They find that factors identified by previous studies as correlated in the cross-section with firm leverage in the United States, are similarly correlated in other countries as well. However, a deeper examination of the U.S. and foreign evidence suggests that the theoretical underpinnings of the observed correlations are still largely unresolved. A recently compiled database of inter- national corporations, Global Vantage, helps us, at least partially, address this problem. They limit their attention to the largest economies where there are sufficient firms represented to make comparisons meaningful. In particular, they focus on non-financial corporations of the G-7 countries. In 1991, Global Vantage covers m ore than two thirds of the companies (representing more than 90 percent of the market capitalization) in countries with a small stock market (France, Germany, and Italy). In the other major countries Global Vantage covers between one third and one half of the companies traded, representing more than 75 percent of the market capitalization. They eliminate financial firms such as banks and insurance companies from the sample because their leverage is strongly influenced by explicit (or implicit) investor insurance schemes such as deposit insurance. They find that, at an aggregate level, firm leverage is more similar across the G-7 countries than previously thought, and the differences that exist are not easily explained by institutional differences previously thought important. The factors identified by previous cross-sectional studies in the United States to be related to leverage seem similarly related in other countries as well. However, a deeper examination of the United States and foreign evidence suggests that the theoretical underpinnings of the observed correlations are still largely unresolved. Study of Titman Roberto, 1988, analyzes the explanatory power of some of the recent theories of optimal capital structure. The study extends empirical work on capital structure theory in three ways. First, it examines a much broader set of capital structure theories, many of which have not previously been analyzed empirically. Second, since the theories have different empirical implications in regard to different types of debt instruments, the authors analyze measures of short-term, long-term, and convertible debt rather than an aggregate measure of total debt. Third, the study uses a factor-analytic technique that mitigates the measurement problems encountered when working with proxy variables. We present a brief discussion of the attributes that different theories of capital structure suggest may affect the firms debt-equity choice. These attributes are denoted asset structure, non-debt tax shields, growth, uniqueness, industry classification, size, earnings volatility, and profitability. The attributes, their relation to the optimal capital structure choice, and their ob- servable indicators are discussed. The variables discussed were analyzed over the 1974 through 1982 time period. The source of all the data except for the quit rates is the Annual Compustat Industrial Files. The quit-rate data are from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings publication. These data are available only at the four-digit (SIC code) industry level for manufacturing firms. From the total sample, we deleted all the observations that did not have a complete record on the variables included in our analysis. Furthermore, since many of the indicator variables are scaled by total assets or average operating income, we were forced to delete a small number of observations that included negative values for one of th ese variables. These requirements may bias our sample toward relatively large firms. In total, 469 firms were available. They find that debt levels are negatively related to the uniqueness of a firms line of business. Transaction costs may be an important determinant of capital structure choice. Short-term debt ratios were shown to be negatively related to firm size, possibly reflecting the relatively high transaction costs small firms face when issuing long-term financial instruments. Additional evidence relating to the importance of transaction costs is provided by the negative relation between measures of past profitability and current debt levels scaled by the market value of equity. Results do not provide support for an effect on debt ratios arising from non-debt tax shields, volatility, collateral value, or future growth. However, it remains an open question whether our measurement model does indeed capture the relevant aspects of the attributes suggested by these theories. Study of Gupta, 1969, is a modest contribution to the theory of financial structure. It seeks to analyze the financial ratios with three exogenous variables-industry, size and growth. The scope of this study is limited to a cross sectional analysis for the year 1961 to 1962. The study is based on data published in statistics of income by internal revenue service for that year. One hundred seventy three manufacturing corporations, covering 21 standard industrial classification two digit industries, classified into 13 size categories, were examined. The firm size categories ranged from total assets of less than 50 thousand dollars to assets of 250 million and more. Four broad categories of ratios- profitability, turnover, and leverage and liquidity ratios were examined. A positive association was observed, however, between TD/TA and Fixed asset turnover. With the respect to liquidity, the evidence indicates that industries which have low investment in current asset per dollar of s ales tend to have a low current ratio. The productivity of assets varies widely from one manufacturing industry to another. Industry with formidable barriers to entry and an oligopolistic market structure tend to have a very high productivity of assets. It is also high in industries which are research and development oriented. So for as the growth of the corporations is concerned a clear pattern emerges of high total asset turnover, high fixed asset turnover, and high current asset turnover associated with high growth rate of company. They have also high inventory turnover, higher cash velocity and lower average collection period. The current liability turnover is found to be negatively associated with corporate growth. When growth is related to productivity of assets, however, no significant relationship is observed. A very significant negative partial correlation coefficient is observed between fixed asset turnover and size of corporation. Study of Bancel and Usha, 2004, analyz e that the surveys managers in 16 European countries on the determinants of capital structure. Financial flexibility and earnings per share dilution are primary concerns of managers in issuing debt and common stock, respectively. We find that firms financing policies are influenced by both their institutional environment and their international operations. Firms determine their optimal capital structures by trading off costs and benefits of financing. They also examine the role of legal institutions in explaining the financing policies of firms across countries. They investigate whether these policies are determined largely by the legal institutions of the home country or are the result of a complex interaction of several institutions in a country. They also study the sensitivity of different determinants of capital structure to the countrys institutional environment. Second, the quality of the countrys legal system explains cross-country variations in the rankings of several maj or factors, but so do other country-specific factors such as cost of capital. In addition, although differences in debt policy factors vary systematically with the quality of a countrys legal system, firm-specific factors such as the firms growth opportunities strongly influence the common stock policy factors. Overall, our results support that most firms determine their optimal capital structure by trading off factors such as tax advantage of debt, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and accessibility to external financing. Study of Roden and Wilbur, 1995, analyze the composition of the financing packages used in a large sample of leveraged buyout transactions in order to test a set of hypotheses developed in the prior literature about the determinants of corporate capital structure decisions. They focus in particular on the role of agency costs, bankruptcy risks, and tax considerations. They find evidence that all three have an impact, both on the degree of leverage employed in the transactions and on the attributes of the borrowings undertaken. The impacts are manifest in systematic co relationships between the proportion and type of debt in the buy out financing package and the target firms earnings rate, earnings variability, growth prospects, and its tax and liquidity position. Study of Harris Artur, 1990, provides a theory of capital structure based on the effect of debt on investors information about the firm and on their ability to oversee management. They postulate that managers are reluctant to relinquish control and unwilling to provide information that could result in such an outcome. Debt is a disciplining device because default allows creditors the option to force the firm into liquidation and generates information useful to investors. They characterize the time path of the debt level and obtain comparative statics results on the debt level, bond yield, probability of default, probability of reorganization, etc. They develop both static an d dynamic models. In the static model, they consider a once-and-for-all choice of debt level. In the dynamic model, we examine the evolution of capital structure and net payments to debt holders over time. They address the implications of our model for capital structure as well as such issues as what determines liquidation vs. reorganization, how capital structure changes after reorganization, the probability of liquidation given default, and the relationship between debt level and the probability of default. They also examine the effects of changes in capital structure on stock prices and provide comparative statics results on the debt level, market value of debt, firm value, bond yield, probability of default, probability of reorganization given default, and other variables of interest. In particular, we show how these variables respond to changes in firm size, liquidation value, and default costs. Thus, they obtain a theory of capital structure, debt repayment schedules, and reor ganization. Results for the static model include the debt level, market value of debt, firm value, debt-to-value ratio, and promised bond yield all increase with increases in liquidation value and decrease with increases in default costs; the probability of default increases with liquidation value, decreases with default costs, but is independent of firm size; the expected debt coverage ratio3 decreases with liquidation value, increases with default costs, but is independent of firm size; the probability of reorganization given default decreases with liquidation value and is independent of default costs; leverage-increasing changes in capital structure that are caused by increases in liquidation value, decreases in default costs, or both are accompanied by increases in firm value; more highly levered firms will also offer larger promised yields, have lower debt coverage ratios, and have lower probability of reorganization after default. Using the dynamic model,They show that debt levels relative to expected income and default probabilities are constant over time, except when endgame considerations are important; expected debt coverage ratios increase and default probabilities decrease following reorganization. Study of Hovakimian et.al, 2001, shows that when firms adjust their capital structures, they tend to move toward a target debt ratio that is consistent with theories based on tradeoffs between the costs and benefits of debt. In contrast to previous empirical work, our tests explicitly account for the fact that firms may face impediments to movements toward their target ratio, and that the target ratio may change over time as the firms profitability and stock price change. A separate analysis of the size of the issue and repurchase transactions suggests that the deviation between the actual and the target ratios plays a more important role in the repurchase decision than in the issuance decision. We use firm level data from the 1997 Standard and Po ors Compustat annual files (including the Research file). We require firms to have financial statement and stock price information in the issue year and in the two preceding years. Firms in the financial sector are not included in the sample because their capital structures are likely to be significantly different from the other industrial, natural resources, and services firms in our sample. In total, they have 39,387 firm years covering the 1979-1997 periods. In the first stage, the debt/assets (leverage) ratio, Lev, is regressed on a vector of explanatory variables, W, that have been used in past cross-sectional studies of capital structure. Debt/assets is defined as the book value of debt divided by the sum of the book value of debt and the market value of equity.6 The purpose of this first stage regression is to provide an estimate of each firms optimal or target leverage ratio, which they define as the debt ratio that firms would choose in the absence of information asymmet ries, transaction costs, or other adjustment costs. Our results suggest that although past profits are an important predictor of observed debt ratios, firms often make financing and repurchase decisions that offset these earnings-driven changes in their capital structures. Specifically, when firms either raise or retire significant amounts of new capital, their choices move them toward the target capital structures suggested by the static tradeoff models, often more than off setting the effects of accumulated profits and losses. This qualitative pattern persists regardless of the maturity or the convertibility of the debt being issued. Our results also suggest that stock prices play an important role in determining a firms financing choice. Firms that experience large stock price in? Creases are more likely to issue equity and retire debt than are firms that experience stock price declines. This observation is consistent with the idea that stock price increases are generally associa ted with improved growth opportunities, which would lower a firms optimal debt ratio. The negative relation between past stock returns and leverage increasing choices is also consistent with agency models where managers have incentives to increase leverage when stock prices are low. These results are also consistent with the idea that managers are reluctant to issue equity when they view their stock as being under priced. Study of Ferri Wesley, 1979, to investigate the relationships between a firms financial structure and its industrial class, size, variability of income, and operating leverage. The methodology used in this paper is new to this area of inquiry and promises superior results, because it avoids several measurement difficulties encountered in previous work. The resolution of these difficulties occurs through the development, within this paper, of a taxonomy of firms that is based on the firms actual financial behavior. The taxonomical structure will provide the b asis for an examination of associations between financial structure and industrial class, size, variability of income, and operating leverage.The data used in the present investigation were gathered from the Compustat data tapes which contain the year-end balance sheet and income statement for industrial, domestically headquartered, unregulated firms. The total sample of firms selected (for consistency of fiscal year and availability of data) amounted to 233 firms. The distribution of selected firms by Standard Industrial Classification Code (SIC Code) and by generic industry groupings is given in the appendix. Data on the sample firms was gathered for two five year time spans: from 1969 to 1974 and from 1971 to 1976. Multi-period variables (average sales, coefficient of variation in operating income, etc.) are calculated on the basis of data from each year in the five year spans. Single period variables (debt to total assets, current sales, etc.) are computed on the basis of data f rom the terminal year in the two time spans. The leverage classes were derived by use of the Howard-Harris clustering algorithm, which created taxonomy of firms based on measures of their financial structure. Formally, this algorithm partitions a set of objects, where each object is characterized by a multivariate. Each of the resulting leverage groups derived in the present application of the algorithm is as distinct as computationally possible. The results of the studys effort to relate firm characteristics to leverage class can be summarized in this way: a) industry class is linked to a firms leverage, but in a less pronounced and direct manner than has been previously suggested; b) a firms use of debt is related to its size, but the relationship does not conform to the positive, linear scheme that has been indicated in other work; c) variation in income, measured in several ways, could not be shown to be associated with a firms leverage; and d) operating leverage does influen ce the percentage of debt in a firms financial structure and the relationship between these two types of leverage is quite similar to the negative, linear form which financial theory would suggest. Study of Sibilkov, 2007, tests alternative theories about the effect of asset liquidity on capital structure. Using data from a broad sample of U.S. public companies, I find that leverage is positively related to asset liquidity. Further analysis reveals that the relation between asset liquidity and secured debt is positive, whereas the relation between asset liquidity and unsecured debt is curvilinear. The results are consistent with the view that the costs of financial distress and inefficient liquidation are economically important and that they affect capital structure decisions. In addition, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the costs of managerial discretion increase with asset liquidity. The liquidity index is positively associated with leverage, and prior chang es in the liquidity index are positively associated with subsequent changes in leverage. The findings are consistent with the hypotheses that is, asset liquidity increases optimal leverage. The costs of illiquidity and inefficient liquidation are economically significant and substantial compared with the benefits of debt, and managers attempt to control these costs by adjusting leverage and the probability of incurring liquidation costs. I also find that the relation between the liquidity index and the level of secured debt is positive, and that between the liquidity index and unsecured debt is curvilinear. These findings are consistent that is, the effect of asset liquidity on debt depends on whether managers have disposition over those assets. Asset liquidity has a positive effect on firm debt when managers cannot dispose of firm assets and a curvilinear effect on firm debt when they can. The findings further suggest that asset liquidity increases the costs of managerial discre tion because higher asset liquidity makes it less costly for managers to sell assets and divert value from bondholders. Restrictions on asset disposition effectively reduce the liquidity costs of managerial discretion, and managers do not divert value by liquidating assets when their liquidity is low, because the private benefits of managing those assets outweigh the gains from the costly asset transformation. Thus, the private benefits of control act as a deterrent to asset liquidation and value expropriation by managers, alleviating agency problems. Overall, the results suggest that the effect of asset liquidity on leverage depends on a combination of its effects on both secured and unsecured debt. Study of Frank and Vidhan, 2009, shows that it is well known that in a leverage regression, profits are negatively related to leverage. The literature considers this to be a key rejection of the static trade-off theory. In this paper, they show that: 1.The literature has misinterpret ed the evidence as a result of the wide-spread use of familiar but empirically misleading, leverage ratios. 2. More profitable firms experience an increase in both book equity and the market value of equity. 3. Empirically, they react as in the trade-off theory. Highly profitable firms typically issue debt and repurchase equity, while low profitable firms typically reduce debt and issue equity. 4. Firm size matters. Large firms make more active use of debt, while small firms make more active use of equity. 5. In a trade-off model, financing decisions depend on market conditions (`market timing). Empirically, poor market conditions result in reduced use of external finance. The impact is particularly strong on small and low profit firms. The data are constructed from the usual Compustat and CRSP databases. The numbers are not surprising. The average debt (in constant US$) is about $477 million while the median is $14 million. A significant fraction of firms have zero debt (the 10t h percentile is 0). Book equity is slightly larger than book debt. Market equity is more than two times larger than book debt. The connection between corporate profits and corporate capital structure has been very inertial in the assessment of the static trade-off theory. The standard evidence has pushed the literature away from the static trade-off, and towards much more complex models and ideas. As a result it is important to make sure that the evidence is correctly interpreted. Unfortunately the literature has misinterpreted the data. This is due to the widespread use of leverage ratios. Such ratios have a number of undesirable features for testing the implications of the static trade-off theory. They illustrate that the impact of these features 16 is not limited to the tails of the data distributions. Instead, the impact is observed even at the median of the data. Empirically, we show that more profitable firms tend to issue more debt and repurchase equity. Less profitable firms tend to do the reverse. Firm size also matters. Larger firms tend to be more active in the debt markets while smaller firms tend to be relatively more active in the equity markets. More external financing is used in good times than in bad times. Overall, the empirical evidence on issuance seems rather easy to understand from the perspective of the static trade-off theory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

The Importance of Using a Condom Essay - 508 Words

The Importance of Using a Condom In a recent study performed at the University of New Orleans by Dr. Bruce M. King, only 20% of men reported using a condom consistently, while only 50% reported using protection with a new partner. The results of condom use or lack there of is clear: ? 2/3 of all STIs occur in people 25 years of age or younger ? By the age of 24, 1 in 3 sexually active people will have contracted an STI ? In 2000, 15- to 19-year-old women had the highest rate of gonorrhea compared to all other age categories. (Sources: American Social Health Association, Centers for Disease Control, and Planned Parenthood.) There are many stigmas about using condoms. Many sexually active college students simply don?t†¦show more content†¦Trojan brand condoms offer; ribbed, heat generating, and various other increased sensations condoms (Trojan.com). The reality of college life also dictates that it may not be reasonably possible to have sex with out condoms. It often takes a very open and committed relationship in order to have sex without the use of condoms, and even in these situations other forms of contraceptives are used, such as female condoms, or birth control. Alcohol and drug use in college often interfere with rational decision-making, therefore the use of condoms should be almost engrained into the brain. The expense of condoms can be completely eliminated by visiting your college health center or any health clinic where condoms are offered at no cost. Many college students may believe that using a condom is awkward or embarrassing, however, there is no question as to the benefits they convey on the person and partner using them. First, condoms are 98 percent effective in preventing pregnancy when used consistently and correctly (www.siecus.org). An unwanted pregnancy can dramatically affect ones goals and ambitions in college, by simply using a condom this can almost always be avoided. 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Jetblue - 596 Words

JetBlue Airways Corporation (NASDAQ: JBLU) is an American low-cost airline with its main base John F. Kennedy International Airport, also in Queens. In 2001, JetBlue began a focus city operation at Long Beach Airport in Long Beach, California, and another at Bostons Logan International Airport, in 2004. It also has focus city operations at Fort Lauderdale – Hollywood International Airport and Orlando International Airport. The airline mainly serves destinations in the United States, along with flights to the Caribbean, The Bahamas, Bermuda, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Mexico. As of November 8, 2010 JetBlue serves 62 destinations in 21 states (including Puerto Rico), and eleven countries in the Caribbean and†¦show more content†¦On April 19, 2010, JetBlue announced new service from Bradley International Airport in Hartford, Connecticut starting on November 17, 2010. They will offer twice daily non-stops (four daily departures) to Fort Lauderdale and Orlando. 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Miscommunications with a Brazilian Auto Parts Manufacturer Essay Example For Students

Miscommunications with a Brazilian Auto Parts Manufacturer Essay What are three of the cultural missteps that Wally Astor and his father-in-law, Henry Williams, made in this scenario? Why do you think this happened? ) If this was a native of Brazil and advising American business representatives on what to do when align with Brazilian business partners, what would you tell the Americans about Brazilian culture? 3) Imagine that the situation in this case study was reversed, that is, Brazilian business man were coming to the IS_S. To look for a supplier. What would you tell the Brazilian about American business culture to prepare them for success? Mr.. Williams, president Of Lucky Auto Parts Company and his son-in-law Mr Astor were about to embark on a business venture in Brazil. They were set up to meet Mr Silva and Mr We will write a custom essay on Miscommunications with a Brazilian Auto Parts Manufacturer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ventura, President and sales manager Of a mid-size auto parts manufacturer company in Brazil. The meeting was all set up until Mr Williams decided he could not go because something came up at the last minute. So he decided to send his son-in-law in his place. This happened very quickly and Mr William felt that since it took a long time to set up the meeting, he did not want to cancel it. He also felt that sending his son-in-law in his place shouldnt be a big deal. Mr Silva and Mr Ventura met MR.. Astor at the airport; however, they did not know Mr Williams would not be attending their meeting. They were surprised. Not only were they surprised that Mr Williams id not show, but they were surprised that Mr Astor was dressed in jean when he got off the plane. Once they accepted the tact that Mr Williams was not attending, they wanted to whine down for the evening and take Mr Astor to his hotel. Mr Astor responded with, let get straight to the meeting. He told them that he was leaving the next day because he had other plans, Again the men from Brazil were a little taken back. Mr Astor was a little surprise also when he realized that they wanted to start everything in the morning and they expected him to be there for a few days. A huge case of miscommunication! There were overall other things that happen that made the men looked at each other in peculiar manner. That night Mr Williwaws son-in-law called him and explained all that had happened. Mr Williams immediately knew that he had made a mistake by not going on the trip. He apologized to Mr Astor for putting him that situation. He told Mr Astor What he needed to do to help rectify the situation. Mr William realized that Mr Astor was not prepared for the culture shock. Question I What are three of the culture missteps that Wally Astor and his father-in-law, Henry Williams, made in this scenario? Why do you think this appended? Answer: Misstep #1 Mr Williams assumed that his presence at the meeting was not that Important and that he could be replace by anyone who could discuss the business. He did not understand the importance Of him being at the meeting. Misstep #2 They both made the assumption that business is handled the same way in Other parts Of the world like they are in America. Traveling to a business appointment can be done in casual attire, running straight into a meeting and business cards are informational only and review at your leisure. Thinking that business can be handled like fast food operation; get if the plane, start taking about a business relationship and jump back on the plane in a few hours. Misstep #3 The both failed to do any preparation work for their trip to Brazil. Question 2: If you were a native of Brazil and advising American business representatives on what to do when talking with Brazilian business partners, what would you tell the Americans about Brazilian culture? Answer: Handshaking, often for a long time, is common, Shake hands for hello and goodbye; use good eye contact; when leaving a small group, be sure to shake hands with everyone present. .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .postImageUrl , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:hover , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:visited , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:active { border:0!important; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:active , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dear Shakespeare: A Critique of The Tempest EssayWhen women meet, they exchange kisses why placing their cheeks together and kissing the air First names used often, but titles important Music and long animated conversation are favorite Brazilian habits. When conversing, interruptions viewed as enthusiasm. Brazilian enjoy joking, informality, and friendships Portuguese is the language of Brazil Good conversation topics: soccer, family, and children Bad conversation topics: Argentina, politics, poverty, religion, and the Rain Forest Stay away from phases such as, Is it true that everyone in Brazil is either very rich or very poor? It is very likely you will be talking with someone that isnt either one Question 3: Imagine that the situation in this case was reversed, that is, the Brazilian businessmen were coming to the U. S. To look for a supplier. What would you tell the Brazilian about American business culture to prepare them for success? Answer: American greetings are generally quite informal. This is not intended to show lack of respect, but rather a manifestation of the American belief that everyone is equal. Americans view the business card as a source of future information and tend to exchange cards casually. There is no set ritual for exchanging business cards, Negotiations may seem rushed to you, Remember that time is money to Americans and that they may not think that building a relationship with potential business partners is necessary, Do not be afraid of hurting someones feelings by responding no to an invitation. People will be offended if you say you will attend and then do not cone. Americans prefer directness in communication. When Americans say yes or no, they mean precisely that. Maybe really does mean it might happen; it does not mean no.