Oceanographic Properties Essay Example for Free

Oceanographic Properties Essay Oceanography is the investigation of the ocean and seas. It is made out of the land investigation of the sea depths and sea highlights. The land parts of the oceanography incorporate physical oceanography which is worries with the physical traits of the sea water for instance flows and temperatures and the concoction oceanography whose fundamental spotlight is on the science of sea waters. Sea life science is the investigation of the maritime widely varied vegetation. Oceanography likewise considers the meteorology which is the communication between the environment and the sea. The Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, Arctic and Antarctic seas and the Mediterranean Sea among others are incorporated in oceanography. Naturalists as Thompson, a Scot, and John Murray a Canadian were among the principal pioneers to find and study oceanography. (Johnson 2005). The paper looks at a portion of the physical, substance and the marine highlights present in the seas. Oceanographic Properties Physical oceanography alludes to the disclosure and the investigation of material science and the topography of the sea flows and water properties. The significant parts are the elements of sea flows on scales from centimeters to worldwide, the sea wave marvels the conveyance of warmth and salt and their vehicle through the sea bowls, the trading of the force, warmth and freshwater between the sea and the air, the collaboration between the sea and waterways, estuaries, ice and peripheral oceans. Physical topography has significant application in worldwide atmosphere, maritime blending and beach front examinations and in the investigations of essential creation, aqueous vents and maritime transition and capacity of carbon dioxide (Robert 2005). The sea is made out of a blend of 97% unadulterated water and 3% different materials models as salts, gases, natural substances, and the undisolved particles. Unadulterated water decides the physical properties. The sea is incomprehensible covering 71% of the earth surface of which 65 % is viewed as untamed sea waters that lie far away from the costal sea. Seas are distinctive with an averaging profundity of multiple miles and containing immense life on top of it even in the most profound bottoms. Maritime life is made out of two significant classes; the pelagic (sea water) and the benthic (the ocean bottom). Pelagic is additionally partitioned with agreement of water profundity. Fig 1. 0 pieces of the sea The initial 200 meters of the sea water is known as the neritic zone which incorporates the coastline and offers inexhaustible nourishment for the bigger creatures due to the ample of little life forms. The sea zone stretches out from 200 meters deep to the base of the sea. Regularly the sea zones are arranged by the measure of daylight they get. The top part which photosynthetic life is found called euphotic zone while the previous zone is the dysphotic zone where light is too diminish to even think about supporting photosynthesis. The aphotic zone where there isn’t any light beams. Littoral zone is nearest to the beach covering a separation of 600 feet from the shoreline and is partitioned into three zones to be specific; the supralittoral which is lowered because of unordinary elevated tides or during storm. The intertidal zone lies between the elevated and low tide lines then the sub-littoral which reaches out from low tide up to 200 meters. Sea water saltiness alludes to the measure of salt found in the 1,000 grams of water. Larger part of the salt substance in the sea originates from land yet some begins from the undersea volcanoes in this way the normal sea saltiness is 35 grams of salt for each 1,000 milligrams. An estuary alludes to where new stream water meets the seas salty waters. Its saltiness is not quite the same as the saltiness of the sea contiguous it Most estuaries are found at stream mouths and are accordingly long and slender, taking after a channel. The water pressure increments with the expansion top to bottom while the temperature which is the proportion of hotness or chilliness of an article is separated into three temperature vertical zones. ? Top layer is the surface or blended layer and it’s enormously affected by the nearby planetary group. ? The accompanying layer is the thermocline and the temperature drops with the expansion top to bottom, ? At that point the third layer is profound water layer and now the temperature diminishes gradually with an expansion top to bottom. In the sea, the water thickness relies upon the temperature, weight and its saltiness. For example chilly salty water is denser than new and warm water. The thickness further partitions the sea into three layers specifically, the surface blended where the temperature and saline substance contrasts henceforth no incredible impact on thickness since it’s in direct contact with the air. Next layer is the change zone where water stays cold and thick and it’s the boundary between the surface and the base zone permitting little water development between the two zones. The base zone is the place water stays cold and thick. This has been shown by the figure 2. 0 beneath. Fig. 2. 0 Density layers in the sea Ocean flows The ebb and flow keeps the sea in a consistent movement and moves a lot of water into huge spans. It is driven by wind powers, gravitational powers and flowing development. There exists various sorts of current in particular the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Eats wind float, the North and Southern central ebbs and flows, the Peru ebbs and flows, the Kureshio current and last the Gulf Stream. They stream in gyres which are circles of water. The gyres turn a clockwise way and in the southern side of the equator they do turn in hostile to clockwise course. The flows can be represented in the Figure 3. 0. The United States of America typically encounters the impacts of the Gulf Stream ebbs and flows in the Northern Atlantic zone, the central current and the Canary current. Generally influenced coastlines are the Florida’s East coast, North Carolina and the Newfoundland. Figure 3. 0 maritime flows Marine Biology By taking a gander at the sea surface, it is hard for one to see the extraordinary assorted variety of life that exists in the sea. The sea represses various types of verdure. They incorporate the well evolved creatures, which are creatures with spines subsequently they are vertebrates. They one of a kind highlights is that they breath air lungs, bring forth youthful ones, produce milk, are warm blooded and are secured with hide. They are the seals, ocean lions, walruses, the ocean oter and the polar bear. Other maritime animals incorporate the monster squid, angelfish coelacanth, lamp fish, gulpers whales, sharks, fishes of numerous sorts. Different types of sea highlights are the coral reefs. (Cone 1992) Oceanic coasts There are different kinds of coasts in the sea and the sea shores are just however one sort. They are separated into two classes to be specific the essential coasts and the optional coasts. The essential coasts were made by non-marine procedures. They happen on account of changes in the land, for example, stream deltas or magma streams while the optional coasts were framed by marine activity and are brought about by changes in the sea, for example, the formation of hindrance islands or coral reefs. Reference Data on the â€Å"Focus on the Ocean† www. onr. naval force Retrieved on 28th March 2009 Cone J. , (1992). â€Å"Fire under the Sea†, NY: Sage Robert H. S. (2005), â€Å"Introduction to physical oceanography† Texas: AM Information on â€Å"The prologue to physical Oceanography† www. es. flinders Retrieved on 28th March 2009: Australia: Flinders college Press. Johnson D. (2005) â€Å"Information that identifies with the Ocean World† www. oceanworld. tamu www. whoi. edu Information on â€Å"The Marine Biology† www. springerlink. com Retrieved on 29th walk 2009.

A Personal Rite of Passage an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The First Time I Lived In an Apartment: A Personal Rite of Passage Eduard Lindeman (1921) once said that development is set apart by the need of humankind to set up great human connections (1). He expressed, Man is foreordained commonly and by condition to live in collaboration with his individual men (Lindeman 1921, 1). This structures culture and social association, as it achieves cheerful connections between its individuals for agreement, propagation, and self-conservation. To stamp the presence of this condition of the real world, French anthropologist Charles-Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957) demanded that there are sure rituals that feature changes during a specific phase of a lifetime, particularly during extraordinary scenes (i.e., birth, adolescence, marriage, parenthood, passing) that give off an impression of being practically consistent whatever culture or race they might be under. These are what he called soul changing experiences, which focuses to a specific progression of occasions and changes, which spread particular and comparative high lights that are set apart by socially characterized organic and social stages: (1) detachment, (2) change, and (3) re-fuse (Goggins II 2004, 4). Need article test on The First Time I Lived In an Apartment: A Personal Rite of Passage point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue The soul changing experiences reflect social stages that people disregard during their lives, for example, birth, initial steps, first words spoken, first day of school, first figured out how to ride bike, first cigarette, first sweetheart and so forth.. There are numerous sorts of customs (e.g., strict, social, mental), however for the American residents, the most regular ones in this heteronormative cultureaside from the ones that were mentionedinclude the second we initially live all alone. This is a custom that pretty much every American resident lives even right up 'til the present time. Along these lines, utilizing the ceremony of encountering the first run through to live all alone, the paper uncovers this change in the three corporate stages expressed by van Gennep. Understudies Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals:How much do I need to pay somebody to make my paper online?Essay authors recommend: Choose The Qualified Help In Writing PapersEnglish Essays For Sale Professional Writer For Hire Cheap Writing Services Buy Papers Online The First Stage: Separation The principal phase of the soul changing experiences is detachment. This mirrors a phase wherein the start starts to isolate from the old approaches to accumulate new abilities, patterns, and ideas. Being a 22-year-old male, this stage began as of late or not exactly a year back, when I chose I needed to move out of my folks house to live in a loft that is around eighteen kilometers from what I used to call home. I realize that different companions of mine began this phase at a previous age when contrasted with mine. One buddy of mine began it during his childhood stage, when he was around 16 years of age. Another buddy began it toward the beginning of his grown-up stage, when he was around 18. Yet, I am a quarter Native American, and it has been our way of life that children and girls ought not be pushed to do what they would prefer think they not to do except if they have concluded that it is the correct time to do it. This gives us opportunity and sway. I began to enter the detach ment stage on account of some mental and social stages that I experienced realizing that, in my group (particularly in school), I am one of only a handful few remainings that have not experienced this sort of living-alone change yet. This social aggravation went its way through the mental degree of my being, and carrying on a sort of dull, featureless life made me need to isolate myself from my family. I have met a typical buddy of mine to ask what he thought when I disclosed to him the news not exactly a year back. As he expressed out, Yeah. We thought, buddy, that you werent going to make a last say for yourself. That is to say, gone ahead, man, youre not going to remain still until youre too old to even think about standing up would you? (name, individual meeting, 20 July 2007). The jobs of these friends, regardless of whether they werent that near me, were still noteworthy to my choice to at long last decide to live all alone. The division stage was the most critical stage for me since it uncovered the boldness to do a few changes that prompted the transitional experience. To commend the ceremony, my companions and I went to the ___________ Club and afterward went through around six hours, while I attempted to make sense of the following thing I needed to do. The Second Stage: Transition The second phase of the soul changing experiences is known as the progress. Here, the start enters the period of non-part and closures it under the stage part. In the wake of understanding who I truly am, or what I am going to do, I felt that my life was truly beginning to take structure. We (there were three of us experiencing a living-alone change) realize that there would be new deterrents and difficulties en route, for example, searching for better methods in winning cash. However for me, the genuine reason and importance of life was beginning to show up, and I at last felt an a psychological and mental internal power, involving me to arrive at the opposite end that practically the entirety of my companions have just been getting a charge out of. In my longing to comprehend what my family truly felt during this huge progress of mine, I requested the assessment of my uncle who lives in [place]. This was what he stated: No doubt, kid, it was acceptable to see you at last learnin to take care of yourself. At the point when I began to live on my own I was about a large portion of your age. Indeed, life was less difficult and simpler back on those past times worth remembering. You just kinda move that ol pony and put grass on the mouth youre bound to succeed livin! Hahah! Presently you cannot do that any longer. What's more, I sure am happy you at last figured out how to stand up, kid! (Uncle ___________, individual meeting, 22 July 2007) I began with the change stage as a non-part during when I reported to my family, during our feast, that I have at long last chosen to live all alone. I sure am happy that they superbly acknowledged my choice. They inquired as to whether it was truly what I needed, and I said yes. My father was so glad seeing his little youngster grown up that he said it is all set angling toward the evening. Clearly angling has been our familys ceremony or custom each time something great and empowering occurs inside the family. My sibling and sister went with us, so did my mother. Around 20 days after, I was at that point a long way from them at Minnesota, and I prevailing with regards to experiencing the change stage alive. The Third Stage: Re-fuse At last, the third stage is known as the re-fuse, wherein a recently progressed part gets the opportunity to be reaccepted again by the network, with the last anticipating that the start should complete missions or purposes in the cultural patterns. This condition of section is the last stage, as the start is taken from its former character in the wake of being isolated from its past societal position and standard. As to individual ritual of starting to live alone, I understood that I experienced it without being strongly moved or supported. In contrast to the previous customs of different races, the U.S. culture of the 21st century reflected one that need not be constrained or constrained. There are commitments, obviously, which at first rethink my new social standing, for example, having the option to achieve my obligations and responsibilitiesmy pledge to remain solitary before the world. Over the social history of America, this change of having the option to live alone in a diffe rent room, house, or condo denotes the puberty of the individual. It was Erikson who expressed that, in a people life cycle, there are really eight periods of the existence cycle: youth and puberty wrap up the initial five phases, while the keep going three phases are on adulthood and the quandary that goes with it (Kaye 2002). This leads us to the explanation that, in America, the ceremony of living alone just because mirrors the finish of the initial five phases and the beginning of the 6th stage, which is on adulthood and the difficulty that goes with it. Indeed, even Elliot Jaques created Eriksons hypothesis when he focused on the significance of emotional meltdown during singular turn of events (Kaye 2002). The time I completed the change stage and entered the re-fuse stage, I was into grown-up realizing, which gives off an impression of being the essential establishment of a grown-up creatures ability to learn, to make due, to blend, to reflect, and to relate. I felt that, while I was experiencing this third stage, the social network was on its verge of tolerating me again into their reality. Man is brought into the world with three natural characteristics, which, in an enormous degree, provide guidance to every one of his thought processes and his demonstration. Every one of us is brought into the world with the drive to protect his own life Each typical individual is likewise invested with the nature to propagate himself And every one of us is brought into the world with the motivation to communicate his own character. Eduard C. Lindemann 1921 The three phases of the individual soul changing experience that I encountered not exactly a year back had all the earmarks of being smooth streaming and triumphant. I for one recognize that reality to my loved ones, who both helped me experience an essential progress in my life, which for me is extremely, significant. There may not be some started custom strategies like trimming the hair, putting tattoos, or scarification, yet the family and network pattern (i.e., celebrating through angling, setting off to the club) can be an update that individual ceremonies reflect the way of life and way of life of the particular start. Another huge indication of the ceremony that focuses to the fruitful festival of having the option to live alone is the utilization of excellent apparel, trimmings, extraordinary food, music and moving that the heteronormative culture of America has inserted in its way of life. Inception ceremonies of the United States of America rely upon the social standing, cu lture, and race of the start. Bec

Cheap Term Paper Writers: Where To Find Good Ones

Cheap Term Paper Writers: Where To Find Good OnesThere are many companies that offer cheap term paper writers. If you have been struggling to get your writing down for any length of time, you may find this surprising news. But, it is true.A lot of people think that cheap term paper writers are the same as free online editors. Well, they aren't. There are some fundamental differences, however.Cheap paper writers are often times made by outsourcing companies that sell their services to individuals or companies. The ones that are made in house are usually made by skilled labor that lives in a separate location and has a consistent set of orders each day. You can imagine how hard it is to write if you have to go back and forth between your home and office to make it, every day. Plus, you'll miss a lot of deadlines if you have to struggle with it on a regular basis.The upside to cheap term paper writers is that they will usually come with a guarantee. You don't have to worry about quality , as these writers tend to be only a few dollars per hour - much less than a friend who lives nearby.It's best to look for cheap term paper writers that are good enough for your needs. In other words, you don't want a cheap writer that is terrible. Of course, there is no way to make sure that the one you are considering is going to do a poor job. So, you need to pick the best writers possible.One good place to start when looking for good cheap term paper writers is with the features they offer. Make sure that the writers you are considering providing a wide variety of templates, which will allow you to personalize your own term papers based on the type of paper you need. You should also look at how detailed the notes are, as well as the company's customer service, so that you know what you're getting. Of course, it goes without saying that the quality of the writer is going to help you determine the quality of the paper.Quality of paper is also an important consideration, as you nee d to feel comfortable with your choice. The way the paper looks should be a reflection of the writer's attention to detail. Make sure that you understand exactly what your contract says, if you aren't familiar with it yet.You can easily find cheap term paper writers on the internet, as most of them have their own websites. All you have to do is visit their websites, and you can actually speak to a representative for free and see how their cheap term paper writers work.

The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3524 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Study of Rajan Luigi, 1995, investigates the determinants of capital structure choice by analyzing the financing decisions of public firms in the major industrialized countries. At an aggregate level, firm leverage is fairly similar across the G-7 countries. They find that factors identified by previous studies as correlated in the cross-section with firm leverage in the United States, are similarly correlated in other countries as well. However, a deeper examination of the U.S. and foreign evidence suggests that the theoretical underpinnings of the observed correlations are still largely unresolved. A recently compiled database of inter- national corporations, Global Vantage, helps us, at least partially, address this problem. They limit their attention to the largest economies where there are sufficient firms represented to make comparisons meaningful. In particular, they focus on non-financial corporations of the G-7 countries. In 1991, Global Vantage covers m ore than two thirds of the companies (representing more than 90 percent of the market capitalization) in countries with a small stock market (France, Germany, and Italy). In the other major countries Global Vantage covers between one third and one half of the companies traded, representing more than 75 percent of the market capitalization. They eliminate financial firms such as banks and insurance companies from the sample because their leverage is strongly influenced by explicit (or implicit) investor insurance schemes such as deposit insurance. They find that, at an aggregate level, firm leverage is more similar across the G-7 countries than previously thought, and the differences that exist are not easily explained by institutional differences previously thought important. The factors identified by previous cross-sectional studies in the United States to be related to leverage seem similarly related in other countries as well. However, a deeper examination of the United States and foreign evidence suggests that the theoretical underpinnings of the observed correlations are still largely unresolved. Study of Titman Roberto, 1988, analyzes the explanatory power of some of the recent theories of optimal capital structure. The study extends empirical work on capital structure theory in three ways. First, it examines a much broader set of capital structure theories, many of which have not previously been analyzed empirically. Second, since the theories have different empirical implications in regard to different types of debt instruments, the authors analyze measures of short-term, long-term, and convertible debt rather than an aggregate measure of total debt. Third, the study uses a factor-analytic technique that mitigates the measurement problems encountered when working with proxy variables. We present a brief discussion of the attributes that different theories of capital structure suggest may affect the firms debt-equity choice. These attributes are denoted asset structure, non-debt tax shields, growth, uniqueness, industry classification, size, earnings volatility, and profitability. The attributes, their relation to the optimal capital structure choice, and their ob- servable indicators are discussed. The variables discussed were analyzed over the 1974 through 1982 time period. The source of all the data except for the quit rates is the Annual Compustat Industrial Files. The quit-rate data are from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings publication. These data are available only at the four-digit (SIC code) industry level for manufacturing firms. From the total sample, we deleted all the observations that did not have a complete record on the variables included in our analysis. Furthermore, since many of the indicator variables are scaled by total assets or average operating income, we were forced to delete a small number of observations that included negative values for one of th ese variables. These requirements may bias our sample toward relatively large firms. In total, 469 firms were available. They find that debt levels are negatively related to the uniqueness of a firms line of business. Transaction costs may be an important determinant of capital structure choice. Short-term debt ratios were shown to be negatively related to firm size, possibly reflecting the relatively high transaction costs small firms face when issuing long-term financial instruments. Additional evidence relating to the importance of transaction costs is provided by the negative relation between measures of past profitability and current debt levels scaled by the market value of equity. Results do not provide support for an effect on debt ratios arising from non-debt tax shields, volatility, collateral value, or future growth. However, it remains an open question whether our measurement model does indeed capture the relevant aspects of the attributes suggested by these theories. Study of Gupta, 1969, is a modest contribution to the theory of financial structure. It seeks to analyze the financial ratios with three exogenous variables-industry, size and growth. The scope of this study is limited to a cross sectional analysis for the year 1961 to 1962. The study is based on data published in statistics of income by internal revenue service for that year. One hundred seventy three manufacturing corporations, covering 21 standard industrial classification two digit industries, classified into 13 size categories, were examined. The firm size categories ranged from total assets of less than 50 thousand dollars to assets of 250 million and more. Four broad categories of ratios- profitability, turnover, and leverage and liquidity ratios were examined. A positive association was observed, however, between TD/TA and Fixed asset turnover. With the respect to liquidity, the evidence indicates that industries which have low investment in current asset per dollar of s ales tend to have a low current ratio. The productivity of assets varies widely from one manufacturing industry to another. Industry with formidable barriers to entry and an oligopolistic market structure tend to have a very high productivity of assets. It is also high in industries which are research and development oriented. So for as the growth of the corporations is concerned a clear pattern emerges of high total asset turnover, high fixed asset turnover, and high current asset turnover associated with high growth rate of company. They have also high inventory turnover, higher cash velocity and lower average collection period. The current liability turnover is found to be negatively associated with corporate growth. When growth is related to productivity of assets, however, no significant relationship is observed. A very significant negative partial correlation coefficient is observed between fixed asset turnover and size of corporation. Study of Bancel and Usha, 2004, analyz e that the surveys managers in 16 European countries on the determinants of capital structure. Financial flexibility and earnings per share dilution are primary concerns of managers in issuing debt and common stock, respectively. We find that firms financing policies are influenced by both their institutional environment and their international operations. Firms determine their optimal capital structures by trading off costs and benefits of financing. They also examine the role of legal institutions in explaining the financing policies of firms across countries. They investigate whether these policies are determined largely by the legal institutions of the home country or are the result of a complex interaction of several institutions in a country. They also study the sensitivity of different determinants of capital structure to the countrys institutional environment. Second, the quality of the countrys legal system explains cross-country variations in the rankings of several maj or factors, but so do other country-specific factors such as cost of capital. In addition, although differences in debt policy factors vary systematically with the quality of a countrys legal system, firm-specific factors such as the firms growth opportunities strongly influence the common stock policy factors. Overall, our results support that most firms determine their optimal capital structure by trading off factors such as tax advantage of debt, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and accessibility to external financing. Study of Roden and Wilbur, 1995, analyze the composition of the financing packages used in a large sample of leveraged buyout transactions in order to test a set of hypotheses developed in the prior literature about the determinants of corporate capital structure decisions. They focus in particular on the role of agency costs, bankruptcy risks, and tax considerations. They find evidence that all three have an impact, both on the degree of leverage employed in the transactions and on the attributes of the borrowings undertaken. The impacts are manifest in systematic co relationships between the proportion and type of debt in the buy out financing package and the target firms earnings rate, earnings variability, growth prospects, and its tax and liquidity position. Study of Harris Artur, 1990, provides a theory of capital structure based on the effect of debt on investors information about the firm and on their ability to oversee management. They postulate that managers are reluctant to relinquish control and unwilling to provide information that could result in such an outcome. Debt is a disciplining device because default allows creditors the option to force the firm into liquidation and generates information useful to investors. They characterize the time path of the debt level and obtain comparative statics results on the debt level, bond yield, probability of default, probability of reorganization, etc. They develop both static an d dynamic models. In the static model, they consider a once-and-for-all choice of debt level. In the dynamic model, we examine the evolution of capital structure and net payments to debt holders over time. They address the implications of our model for capital structure as well as such issues as what determines liquidation vs. reorganization, how capital structure changes after reorganization, the probability of liquidation given default, and the relationship between debt level and the probability of default. They also examine the effects of changes in capital structure on stock prices and provide comparative statics results on the debt level, market value of debt, firm value, bond yield, probability of default, probability of reorganization given default, and other variables of interest. In particular, we show how these variables respond to changes in firm size, liquidation value, and default costs. Thus, they obtain a theory of capital structure, debt repayment schedules, and reor ganization. Results for the static model include the debt level, market value of debt, firm value, debt-to-value ratio, and promised bond yield all increase with increases in liquidation value and decrease with increases in default costs; the probability of default increases with liquidation value, decreases with default costs, but is independent of firm size; the expected debt coverage ratio3 decreases with liquidation value, increases with default costs, but is independent of firm size; the probability of reorganization given default decreases with liquidation value and is independent of default costs; leverage-increasing changes in capital structure that are caused by increases in liquidation value, decreases in default costs, or both are accompanied by increases in firm value; more highly levered firms will also offer larger promised yields, have lower debt coverage ratios, and have lower probability of reorganization after default. Using the dynamic model,They show that debt levels relative to expected income and default probabilities are constant over time, except when endgame considerations are important; expected debt coverage ratios increase and default probabilities decrease following reorganization. Study of Hovakimian et.al, 2001, shows that when firms adjust their capital structures, they tend to move toward a target debt ratio that is consistent with theories based on tradeoffs between the costs and benefits of debt. In contrast to previous empirical work, our tests explicitly account for the fact that firms may face impediments to movements toward their target ratio, and that the target ratio may change over time as the firms profitability and stock price change. A separate analysis of the size of the issue and repurchase transactions suggests that the deviation between the actual and the target ratios plays a more important role in the repurchase decision than in the issuance decision. We use firm level data from the 1997 Standard and Po ors Compustat annual files (including the Research file). We require firms to have financial statement and stock price information in the issue year and in the two preceding years. Firms in the financial sector are not included in the sample because their capital structures are likely to be significantly different from the other industrial, natural resources, and services firms in our sample. In total, they have 39,387 firm years covering the 1979-1997 periods. In the first stage, the debt/assets (leverage) ratio, Lev, is regressed on a vector of explanatory variables, W, that have been used in past cross-sectional studies of capital structure. Debt/assets is defined as the book value of debt divided by the sum of the book value of debt and the market value of equity.6 The purpose of this first stage regression is to provide an estimate of each firms optimal or target leverage ratio, which they define as the debt ratio that firms would choose in the absence of information asymmet ries, transaction costs, or other adjustment costs. Our results suggest that although past profits are an important predictor of observed debt ratios, firms often make financing and repurchase decisions that offset these earnings-driven changes in their capital structures. Specifically, when firms either raise or retire significant amounts of new capital, their choices move them toward the target capital structures suggested by the static tradeoff models, often more than off setting the effects of accumulated profits and losses. This qualitative pattern persists regardless of the maturity or the convertibility of the debt being issued. Our results also suggest that stock prices play an important role in determining a firms financing choice. Firms that experience large stock price in? Creases are more likely to issue equity and retire debt than are firms that experience stock price declines. This observation is consistent with the idea that stock price increases are generally associa ted with improved growth opportunities, which would lower a firms optimal debt ratio. The negative relation between past stock returns and leverage increasing choices is also consistent with agency models where managers have incentives to increase leverage when stock prices are low. These results are also consistent with the idea that managers are reluctant to issue equity when they view their stock as being under priced. Study of Ferri Wesley, 1979, to investigate the relationships between a firms financial structure and its industrial class, size, variability of income, and operating leverage. The methodology used in this paper is new to this area of inquiry and promises superior results, because it avoids several measurement difficulties encountered in previous work. The resolution of these difficulties occurs through the development, within this paper, of a taxonomy of firms that is based on the firms actual financial behavior. The taxonomical structure will provide the b asis for an examination of associations between financial structure and industrial class, size, variability of income, and operating leverage.The data used in the present investigation were gathered from the Compustat data tapes which contain the year-end balance sheet and income statement for industrial, domestically headquartered, unregulated firms. The total sample of firms selected (for consistency of fiscal year and availability of data) amounted to 233 firms. The distribution of selected firms by Standard Industrial Classification Code (SIC Code) and by generic industry groupings is given in the appendix. Data on the sample firms was gathered for two five year time spans: from 1969 to 1974 and from 1971 to 1976. Multi-period variables (average sales, coefficient of variation in operating income, etc.) are calculated on the basis of data from each year in the five year spans. Single period variables (debt to total assets, current sales, etc.) are computed on the basis of data f rom the terminal year in the two time spans. The leverage classes were derived by use of the Howard-Harris clustering algorithm, which created taxonomy of firms based on measures of their financial structure. Formally, this algorithm partitions a set of objects, where each object is characterized by a multivariate. Each of the resulting leverage groups derived in the present application of the algorithm is as distinct as computationally possible. The results of the studys effort to relate firm characteristics to leverage class can be summarized in this way: a) industry class is linked to a firms leverage, but in a less pronounced and direct manner than has been previously suggested; b) a firms use of debt is related to its size, but the relationship does not conform to the positive, linear scheme that has been indicated in other work; c) variation in income, measured in several ways, could not be shown to be associated with a firms leverage; and d) operating leverage does influen ce the percentage of debt in a firms financial structure and the relationship between these two types of leverage is quite similar to the negative, linear form which financial theory would suggest. Study of Sibilkov, 2007, tests alternative theories about the effect of asset liquidity on capital structure. Using data from a broad sample of U.S. public companies, I find that leverage is positively related to asset liquidity. Further analysis reveals that the relation between asset liquidity and secured debt is positive, whereas the relation between asset liquidity and unsecured debt is curvilinear. The results are consistent with the view that the costs of financial distress and inefficient liquidation are economically important and that they affect capital structure decisions. In addition, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the costs of managerial discretion increase with asset liquidity. The liquidity index is positively associated with leverage, and prior chang es in the liquidity index are positively associated with subsequent changes in leverage. The findings are consistent with the hypotheses that is, asset liquidity increases optimal leverage. The costs of illiquidity and inefficient liquidation are economically significant and substantial compared with the benefits of debt, and managers attempt to control these costs by adjusting leverage and the probability of incurring liquidation costs. I also find that the relation between the liquidity index and the level of secured debt is positive, and that between the liquidity index and unsecured debt is curvilinear. These findings are consistent that is, the effect of asset liquidity on debt depends on whether managers have disposition over those assets. Asset liquidity has a positive effect on firm debt when managers cannot dispose of firm assets and a curvilinear effect on firm debt when they can. The findings further suggest that asset liquidity increases the costs of managerial discre tion because higher asset liquidity makes it less costly for managers to sell assets and divert value from bondholders. Restrictions on asset disposition effectively reduce the liquidity costs of managerial discretion, and managers do not divert value by liquidating assets when their liquidity is low, because the private benefits of managing those assets outweigh the gains from the costly asset transformation. Thus, the private benefits of control act as a deterrent to asset liquidation and value expropriation by managers, alleviating agency problems. Overall, the results suggest that the effect of asset liquidity on leverage depends on a combination of its effects on both secured and unsecured debt. Study of Frank and Vidhan, 2009, shows that it is well known that in a leverage regression, profits are negatively related to leverage. The literature considers this to be a key rejection of the static trade-off theory. In this paper, they show that: 1.The literature has misinterpret ed the evidence as a result of the wide-spread use of familiar but empirically misleading, leverage ratios. 2. More profitable firms experience an increase in both book equity and the market value of equity. 3. Empirically, they react as in the trade-off theory. Highly profitable firms typically issue debt and repurchase equity, while low profitable firms typically reduce debt and issue equity. 4. Firm size matters. Large firms make more active use of debt, while small firms make more active use of equity. 5. In a trade-off model, financing decisions depend on market conditions (`market timing). Empirically, poor market conditions result in reduced use of external finance. The impact is particularly strong on small and low profit firms. The data are constructed from the usual Compustat and CRSP databases. The numbers are not surprising. The average debt (in constant US$) is about $477 million while the median is $14 million. A significant fraction of firms have zero debt (the 10t h percentile is 0). Book equity is slightly larger than book debt. Market equity is more than two times larger than book debt. The connection between corporate profits and corporate capital structure has been very inertial in the assessment of the static trade-off theory. The standard evidence has pushed the literature away from the static trade-off, and towards much more complex models and ideas. As a result it is important to make sure that the evidence is correctly interpreted. Unfortunately the literature has misinterpreted the data. This is due to the widespread use of leverage ratios. Such ratios have a number of undesirable features for testing the implications of the static trade-off theory. They illustrate that the impact of these features 16 is not limited to the tails of the data distributions. Instead, the impact is observed even at the median of the data. Empirically, we show that more profitable firms tend to issue more debt and repurchase equity. Less profitable firms tend to do the reverse. Firm size also matters. Larger firms tend to be more active in the debt markets while smaller firms tend to be relatively more active in the equity markets. More external financing is used in good times than in bad times. Overall, the empirical evidence on issuance seems rather easy to understand from the perspective of the static trade-off theory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

The Importance of Using a Condom Essay - 508 Words

The Importance of Using a Condom In a recent study performed at the University of New Orleans by Dr. Bruce M. King, only 20% of men reported using a condom consistently, while only 50% reported using protection with a new partner. The results of condom use or lack there of is clear: ? 2/3 of all STIs occur in people 25 years of age or younger ? By the age of 24, 1 in 3 sexually active people will have contracted an STI ? In 2000, 15- to 19-year-old women had the highest rate of gonorrhea compared to all other age categories. (Sources: American Social Health Association, Centers for Disease Control, and Planned Parenthood.) There are many stigmas about using condoms. Many sexually active college students simply don?t†¦show more content†¦Trojan brand condoms offer; ribbed, heat generating, and various other increased sensations condoms (Trojan.com). The reality of college life also dictates that it may not be reasonably possible to have sex with out condoms. It often takes a very open and committed relationship in order to have sex without the use of condoms, and even in these situations other forms of contraceptives are used, such as female condoms, or birth control. Alcohol and drug use in college often interfere with rational decision-making, therefore the use of condoms should be almost engrained into the brain. The expense of condoms can be completely eliminated by visiting your college health center or any health clinic where condoms are offered at no cost. Many college students may believe that using a condom is awkward or embarrassing, however, there is no question as to the benefits they convey on the person and partner using them. First, condoms are 98 percent effective in preventing pregnancy when used consistently and correctly (www.siecus.org). An unwanted pregnancy can dramatically affect ones goals and ambitions in college, by simply using a condom this can almost always be avoided. Secondly, using a latex condom to prevent transmission of HIV is more than 10,000 times safer than not using a condom. Also, Several studies have demonstrated that condoms can protect against the transmission of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis, and mayShow MoreRelatedTeenagers Communication With Their Partners On Issues Of Sex Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Teenagers communication with their partners on issues of sex and their use of condoms is greatly influenced by the discussions teenagers have with their parents on issues related to sex. However in this discussion, little is known about the process of parent-teenager communication with regards to the topic under discussion. Understanding what parents discuss with their children and how they discuss it may lead to a greater understanding of teenagers sexual behavioursRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Is A Big Topic On Today s Society861 Words   |  4 Pagesabout sexual actives. They often depend on social media, media and google to learn about sex. By making condoms widely available, having sex talks and being a supportive parents can reduce teen pregnancy. Have the Sex Talk can reduce teenage pregnancy. Having the sex talk can and will educate teens on a lot of information they did not know about sex. Many mothers can t emphasize enough the importance of sitting down with their daughters and sharing all the facts about sex and birth control. I planRead MoreHIV Infections in African American Males Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesnot to use a condom as a preventive method. Many believe that they feel safe and have a long life ahead of them. Having unprotected sex is an issue that has concerned health educator for many years. Given this problem, health educators need an intervention strategy that goes beyond education to increase condom use. 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By making them mindful theRead MoreEssay about Condoms and the Illusion of Safe Sex1475 Words   |  6 PagesIn the same way, people today assume that, as long as they are careful and use a condom, sexual intercourse is safe – so safe that in many places condoms are offered for free to students. It is undeniable that people will pay for it. Condoms should not be handed out in high schools because this action helps create the illusion that condoms make sexual intercourse safe. When students are offered free condoms and told that it will protect them, they are encouraged to engage in sexual activityRead MoreAbstinence-only vs. Abstinence-plus1607 Words   |  7 Pagessubject with their children only increases the importance of doing so in our schools. Opposition of the Abstinence-Plus program centers around the belief that by comprehensively informing students about sex, and responsible practices, in addition to supplying contraceptives, will send a message that not only is it okay to have sex but here have a condom to do it with. In some cases, they actually suggest the importance of telling students that condoms are â€Å"ineffective and do not workâ€Å" (Teenage SexualityRead MoreIntimate Relationships And Sexual Relationships1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmutual respect doesn’t necessarily mean that you agree on everything, but it means that you have admiration for each other, and steady undercurrent of love and trust throughout your relationship. The Catholic Church’s teaching on respect reflects its importance in a relationship as respect is described as the foundation for relationships, through the proper understanding and valuing of the other partner. Abuse, whether it is physical, verbal, or emotional, defi es mutual respect in every way, shape andRead MoreBrazil Case Study- Preventing AIDS1382 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Case Study – AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival MARK 4325-002 November 12, 2014 Group: Seong-eung Lee, Patricia Ortiz Mucino, Monica Romo, Brittni Johnson. 1. Comment on the Brazilian and Indian government’s strategies for the prevention of AIDS via the marketing of condoms. The strategies that the Brazilian government has implemented to prevent and combat AIDS via the marketing of condoms have been beyond successful. Chequer, a Health Ministry official said the Health Ministry would spend $300 million

Jetblue - 596 Words

JetBlue Airways Corporation (NASDAQ: JBLU) is an American low-cost airline with its main base John F. Kennedy International Airport, also in Queens. In 2001, JetBlue began a focus city operation at Long Beach Airport in Long Beach, California, and another at Bostons Logan International Airport, in 2004. It also has focus city operations at Fort Lauderdale – Hollywood International Airport and Orlando International Airport. The airline mainly serves destinations in the United States, along with flights to the Caribbean, The Bahamas, Bermuda, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Mexico. As of November 8, 2010 JetBlue serves 62 destinations in 21 states (including Puerto Rico), and eleven countries in the Caribbean and†¦show more content†¦On April 19, 2010, JetBlue announced new service from Bradley International Airport in Hartford, Connecticut starting on November 17, 2010. They will offer twice daily non-stops (four daily departures) to Fort Lauderdale and Orlando. C. OBJECTIVES AND DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM STATEMENT The case evaluation aims to achieve the following: 1. To determine the best stock valuation model applicable to JetBlue’s IPO shares 2. To distinguish the difference of using different stock valuation models 3. To calculate the offering price of the new IPO shares 4. To confirm if the share price suggested by management is reasonable or not 5. To identify the risks involved in oversubscribed shares Based from the stated objectives above, the following were defined for the case: MAIN PROBLEM TO BE RESOLVED: What would be the appropriate offering price for the new IPO shares of JetBlue Airways Corporation listed in NASDAQ which would not only help the firm raise short-term capital requirements but would also provide positive returns to its shareholders in the future? UNDERLYING PROBLEM(S)/ISSUE(S) TO BE RESOLVED: 1. What should be the best stock valuation model applicable to JetBlue’s IPO shares? 2. What would be the impact of these valuation models on the calculated offering price for its IPO shares? 3. Is theShow MoreRelatedJetblue3939 Words   |  16 PagesJetBlue Questions for Discussion 1. Give examples of needs, wants, and demands that JetBlue customers demonstrate, differentiating these three concepts. What are the implications of each for JetBlue’s practices? * First of all people who go to an airline are because they have the need to travel, which the main feature is. Inducing the consumer or person, as their main need. * JetBlue customers to contract your travel company this time JetBlue, wanted a good service duringRead MoreJetblue Airways Corporation ( Jetblue ) Essay789 Words   |  4 PagesJetBlue Airways Corporation (JetBlue), often called â€Å"New York’s Hometown Airline,† operates in the airline industry. It was incorporated in August 1998, began service in February 2000 and by the end of 2013 had grown to become the fifth largest passenger carrier in the United States based on revenue passenger miles. According to the JetBlue website (2014) in 1999, David Neeleman announced his plans to launch a new airline, â€Å"New Air.† By the end of 2000 JetBlue had reported $100 million in revenueRead MoreJetblue Airways1854 Words   |  8 PagesSTRATEGIC MANAGEMENT amp; POLICY COMM 4005 / SP1 MODULE 3 JETBLUE AIRWAYS: A CADRE OF NEW MANAGERS TAKES CONTROL JETBLUE AIRWAYS Question 1 David Neelman’s original strategic vision was to ‘bring humanity back to air travel’ through combing low fares of a discount airline carrier with the comforts of a small cozy den in people’s homes. David’s strategic vision is a good one, but the strategic objectives, strategy development, and implementation and execution should be modified toRead MoreJetblue Organizational Plan761 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Plan Introduction JetBlue is known as the airline that promises, and also delivers. JetBlue delivers Air flight of the future, with new jets and the lowest fares available. JetBlue has proved to the world that one can have it all. JetBlue’s Airways started in 2000 with the mission as stated by the founder Neeleman: â€Å"to bring humanity back to air travel by offering passengers low fares, friendly service, and high-quality product† (Ford, 2004, p.139). JetBlue has five core values that theyRead MoreJetblue Case Analysis1111 Words   |  5 PagesJetBlue Airways airline was established by David Neeleman as a low-fare airline with high-quality customer service. His goal was to create an airline that was innovative for the current market. Their main focus was to provide service to areas that were underserved as well as to large cities with overpriced fares. He aimed to establish a strong brand that differentiated itself from its competitors by being a safe, reliable and low cost-airline . Neeleman managed to achieve this partially by hiringRead MoreJetblue-Case Study3327 Words   |  14 Pages2001, p.5).   Overall, Jet Blue Airways has lived up to its mission of caring for its people. JetBlue Airway is an airline industry. Founder is David Neeleman, a Salt Lake City entrepreneur. The eighth largest passenger carrier in United State. Have won many awards including â€Å"Best Domestic Airline†, â€Å"Best Domestic Airline Value† and â€Å" Best Overall Airline†. The case study discuss on the JetBlue Corporation emphasize on its founder, on its financial performance, human resource management practicesRead MoreJetblue Case Study2073 Words   |  9 PagesJetBlue and Song: Competitive Rivalry between Low-Cost Carriers Case Analysis 2 Kathleen Quicho Prof. Rosalinda B. Lacerona Faculty, MGE 11A Time Context 2013 (Present) JetBlue is a United States domestic airline company who operates on a  low-cost principle which translates into cheaper airfares to its customers. In February 2007 JetBlue underwent a  particular event that could have been its last. Since its beginning in 1998 JetBlue became the 11th  largest company in the industryRead MoreJetblue Bmgt 364 Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesBrockunier Abstract This paper outlines the formation of a vision statement, the mission and the values that JetBlue and Southwest airlines embrace. A firm can initiate strategic management once it forms a mission statement. 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PESTEL analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environment and Legal analysis†. Political Factors How and to what extent the government does intervenes in the economy. Political factors can be tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors that are found in the JetBlue case are: Government monitors the airline industry

Miscommunications with a Brazilian Auto Parts Manufacturer Essay Example For Students

Miscommunications with a Brazilian Auto Parts Manufacturer Essay What are three of the cultural missteps that Wally Astor and his father-in-law, Henry Williams, made in this scenario? Why do you think this happened? ) If this was a native of Brazil and advising American business representatives on what to do when align with Brazilian business partners, what would you tell the Americans about Brazilian culture? 3) Imagine that the situation in this case study was reversed, that is, Brazilian business man were coming to the IS_S. To look for a supplier. What would you tell the Brazilian about American business culture to prepare them for success? Mr.. Williams, president Of Lucky Auto Parts Company and his son-in-law Mr Astor were about to embark on a business venture in Brazil. They were set up to meet Mr Silva and Mr We will write a custom essay on Miscommunications with a Brazilian Auto Parts Manufacturer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ventura, President and sales manager Of a mid-size auto parts manufacturer company in Brazil. The meeting was all set up until Mr Williams decided he could not go because something came up at the last minute. So he decided to send his son-in-law in his place. This happened very quickly and Mr William felt that since it took a long time to set up the meeting, he did not want to cancel it. He also felt that sending his son-in-law in his place shouldnt be a big deal. Mr Silva and Mr Ventura met MR.. Astor at the airport; however, they did not know Mr Williams would not be attending their meeting. They were surprised. Not only were they surprised that Mr Williams id not show, but they were surprised that Mr Astor was dressed in jean when he got off the plane. Once they accepted the tact that Mr Williams was not attending, they wanted to whine down for the evening and take Mr Astor to his hotel. Mr Astor responded with, let get straight to the meeting. He told them that he was leaving the next day because he had other plans, Again the men from Brazil were a little taken back. Mr Astor was a little surprise also when he realized that they wanted to start everything in the morning and they expected him to be there for a few days. A huge case of miscommunication! There were overall other things that happen that made the men looked at each other in peculiar manner. That night Mr Williwaws son-in-law called him and explained all that had happened. Mr Williams immediately knew that he had made a mistake by not going on the trip. He apologized to Mr Astor for putting him that situation. He told Mr Astor What he needed to do to help rectify the situation. Mr William realized that Mr Astor was not prepared for the culture shock. Question I What are three of the culture missteps that Wally Astor and his father-in-law, Henry Williams, made in this scenario? Why do you think this appended? Answer: Misstep #1 Mr Williams assumed that his presence at the meeting was not that Important and that he could be replace by anyone who could discuss the business. He did not understand the importance Of him being at the meeting. Misstep #2 They both made the assumption that business is handled the same way in Other parts Of the world like they are in America. Traveling to a business appointment can be done in casual attire, running straight into a meeting and business cards are informational only and review at your leisure. Thinking that business can be handled like fast food operation; get if the plane, start taking about a business relationship and jump back on the plane in a few hours. Misstep #3 The both failed to do any preparation work for their trip to Brazil. Question 2: If you were a native of Brazil and advising American business representatives on what to do when talking with Brazilian business partners, what would you tell the Americans about Brazilian culture? Answer: Handshaking, often for a long time, is common, Shake hands for hello and goodbye; use good eye contact; when leaving a small group, be sure to shake hands with everyone present. .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .postImageUrl , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:hover , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:visited , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:active { border:0!important; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:active , .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua22bef8175d57633657d3954f5daa98e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dear Shakespeare: A Critique of The Tempest EssayWhen women meet, they exchange kisses why placing their cheeks together and kissing the air First names used often, but titles important Music and long animated conversation are favorite Brazilian habits. When conversing, interruptions viewed as enthusiasm. Brazilian enjoy joking, informality, and friendships Portuguese is the language of Brazil Good conversation topics: soccer, family, and children Bad conversation topics: Argentina, politics, poverty, religion, and the Rain Forest Stay away from phases such as, Is it true that everyone in Brazil is either very rich or very poor? It is very likely you will be talking with someone that isnt either one Question 3: Imagine that the situation in this case was reversed, that is, the Brazilian businessmen were coming to the U. S. To look for a supplier. What would you tell the Brazilian about American business culture to prepare them for success? Answer: American greetings are generally quite informal. This is not intended to show lack of respect, but rather a manifestation of the American belief that everyone is equal. Americans view the business card as a source of future information and tend to exchange cards casually. There is no set ritual for exchanging business cards, Negotiations may seem rushed to you, Remember that time is money to Americans and that they may not think that building a relationship with potential business partners is necessary, Do not be afraid of hurting someones feelings by responding no to an invitation. People will be offended if you say you will attend and then do not cone. Americans prefer directness in communication. When Americans say yes or no, they mean precisely that. Maybe really does mean it might happen; it does not mean no.

The history of labor unions in U.S.

The labor relations system that exists in the U.S today has a historical background dating back from early 1800s. After an in-depth look of the labor history I noted that most events which unfolded over the years altered the course of labor relations in America. Many labor unions were formed in a successive sequence to address the issues and conflicts of their respective members (Rayback, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The history of labor unions in U.S. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though to a lesser extent, the labor unions possessed a degree of similarity in structure, objectives, and strategies. However, many of the distinguishing features among the unions were predominantly the basis of the formation. The most prominent labor movements of the time were the Knights of Labor, The American Federation of Labor (AFL), The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), the latest Congress of Industria l Organization (CIO), among others. My analysis of the historical development encompasses various aspects of unionism, similarities and differences in the operations, and organizational strategies. Save for the AFL, other labor unions promoted the spirit of inclusiveness. For instance, the Knights of Labor enrolled all workers irrespective of their status. It was an umbrella union for the immigrants, women, skilled, unskilled, and even employers (Budd Irwin, 2013). This also applied to the IWW which combined workers from all divides comprising of the skilled and unskilled, young and old, natives and immigrants, white and nonwhite, male and female. Moreover, most unions under the CIO advocated for the empowerment of women at workplaces. Women were encouraged to join unions and even take up certain roles that were key in shaping the culture of unions. Additionally, the unions promoted the education of their members. For example, the Knights of Labor emphasized on the intellectual boo st through education. Likewise, the AFL provided the education and political lobbying although on small margin. Every labor union had a philosophy on which it was constituted. The Knights of Labor worked under the philosophy of uplift unionism. It meant that a union’s mandate was that of elevating the moral, intellectualism, and social welfare of the members. Since the AFL was a federation not a union, its members were labor unions not individual workers. This prompted the adoption of business unionism philosophy.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In contrast to the uplift unionism emphasized an immediate improvements in wages, hours of work, and favorable working conditions. It also accepted capitalism and the collective bargaining negotiations backed up by the threat of strike (Budd Irwin, 2013). The uplift unionism approach strongly opposed the use of strik es and boycotts in resolving employment conflicts. The IWW was formed with an essence of addressing the failures of AFL. It subscribed to the revolutionary unionism philosophy which required the harmonization of the interests of all wage workers against their employers. As a result of industrial revolution, the CIO was founded on the philosophy of industrial unionism. Different labor unions had varying objectives and strategies. One of the aims of the Knight of Labor was to replace the wage system with the producer co-operatives. This was in an effort to restore the perceived lost democracy in the working environments. It was noted that capitalism and wage system degraded the workers in the sense that their values and skills need for a healthy, participative democracy were completely ruined. As for the AFL, its goal was to offer the necessary support for the independent unions in terms of establishing and maintaining the job standards by use of work rules. Unlike Knights of Labor, t he AFL ensured that all union members had explicit rights to manage and control their affairs. Given the conditions that prevailed as at the time of formation, I can confirm that most of the labor unions showed the capabilities of withstanding the turbulent economic times that laid ahead. Some of them had many members translating to an impeccable financial stability. For instance, the AFL provided financial assistance to the striking unions. It was also easy for it to conduct political lobbying on behalf of the member unions. Most unions had power to navigate through hostile legislation regimes. Despite the frequent interruption from the state, the AFL, for example, was not cowed by the involvement of military in breaking the strikes (Budd Irwin, 2013). The success of a majority of the labor unions was due to able leadership and commitment. The leaders had the will, power, and drive in execution of their roles such that the members’ goals and interests were fully achieved. S ome of them even lost their lives as a result of it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The history of labor unions in U.S. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a critical analysis of the operationalization of key objectives and strategies of the IWW, I learnt that it was destined to fail in the long run. This is because the revolutionary motive on which it was based on had more harms than good not only to the government, but also to the economy at large (Arsene, 2004). Its spirit of inclusiveness fused together with labor radicalism ensued hostility from employers and other labor unions such as the AFL. The downfall of the IWW started after an intense strike by its members protesting over wage cut. The AFL remained strong due to its ability to undertake timely negotiations on wages. It portrayed a picture of a friendly federation to employers because it did not support inclusiveness and labor radicalism. F rom the foregoing discussion, I can deduce that the American labor history is the foundation of the labor unionism of that is being exhibited not only in the American states, but also across the world. The understanding of the ancient labor relations in rejuvenates the mastery of unionism and labor-management relations. References Arsene, E. (2004). The human tradition of the American labor history. Greenhill, U.S.A: Scholarly Resources Inc. Budd, J., Irwin, R. (2013). Labor relations: Striking a balance (4th ed.). New York, U.S.A: Mc Graw-Hill Publisher. Rayback, J. (2008). History of American labor. New York, U.S.A: McMillan Publishing Company. This research paper on The history of labor unions in U.S. was written and submitted by user Sara L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hemingways Works Essays - Literature, American Literature, Fiction

Hemingway's Works Essays - Literature, American Literature, Fiction Hemingway's Works Ernest Hemingway pulled from his past present experiences to develop his own thoughts concerning death, relationships, and lies. He then mixed these ideas, along with a familiar setting, to create a masterpiece. One such masterpiece written early in Hemingway's career is the short story, Indian Camp. Indian Camp was originally published in the collection of in Our Time in 1925. A brief summary reveals that the main character, a teenager by the name of Nick, travels across a lake to an Indian village. While at the village Nick observes his father, who is a doctor, deliver a baby to an Indian by caesarian section. As the story continues, Nick's father discovers that the newborn's father has committed suicide. Soon afterward Nick and his father engage in a discussion about death, which brings the story to an end. With thought and perception a reader can tell the meaning of the story. The charters of Nick and his father resemble the relationship of Hemingway and his father. Hemingway grew up in Oak Park, a middle class suburb, under the watchful eye of his parents, Ed and Grace Hemingway. Ed Hemingway was a doctor who occasionally took his son along on professional visits across Walloon Lake to the Ojibway Indians during summer vacations (Waldhorn 7). These medical trips taken by Ernest and Ed would provide the background information needed to introduce nick and his father while on their medical trip in Indian Camp. These trips were not the center point of affection between Ed and Ernest, but they were part of the whole. The two always shared a close father-son bond that Hemingway often portrayed in his works: Nick's close attachment to his father parallels Hemingway's relationship with Ed. The growing boy finds in the father, in both fiction and life, not only a teacher-guide but also a fixed refuge against the terrors of the emotional and spiritual unknown as they are encountered. In his father Ernest had someone to lean on (Shaw 14). In Indian Camp, nick stays in his father's arms for a sense of security and this reinforces their close father-son relationship. When Nick sees the terror of death, in the form of suicide, his father is right there to comfort him. From this we are able to see how Nick has his father to, physically and mentally, lean on, much like Hemingway did (Shaw 11). Hemingway's love for his father was not always so positive though, and he often expressed his feelings about his situation though his literature. When Hemmingway was young, his father persuaded him to have his tonsils removed by a friend, Dr. Wesley Peck. Even though it was Dr. Peck who performed the painful operation, Hemingway always held it against his father for taking out his tonsils without an anaesthetic (Meyers 48). Hemingway saw the opportunity to portray his father in Indian Camp as the cold-hearted man who had his tonsils yanked out without anaesthetic. In a reply to Nick's question about giving the Indian woman something to stop screaming, his father states, No. I haven't any anaestheticBut her screams are not important. I don't hear them because they are not important. (Tessitore 18) Hemingway lashed out at his father one more time before the story ends. In Indian Camp, Hemingway uses the conversation between Nick and his father, concerning the suicide of the Indian, to show his distaste for his own father's suicide: 'Why did he kill himself, Daddy?' 'I don't know Nick.' 'He couldn't stand things, I guess.' 'Do many men kill themselves, Daddy?' 'Not very many, Nick' 'Is dying hard, Daddy?' 'No, I think its pretty easy, Nick. It all depends.' (Hemingway 19) Hemingway saw his father as a weak working man who served his wife, Grace, unconditionally. Ed worked a full day to come home to clean house, prepare food, and tend to the children. He had promised Grace that if she would marry him, she would not have to do housework for as long as he lived. Ill and depressed, Ed committed suicide in 1928. Hemingway later referred to the situation by stating: I hated my mother as soon as I knew the score and loved my father until he embarrassed me with his cowardiceMy mother is an all time all American bitch and she

The Lady with the Pet Dog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Lady with the Pet Dog - Essay Example The meetings between Anna and Gurov had initially started without any inkling of love, but their feelings were soon transformed into infatuation and finally into passionate love which brought the two different personalities together. They way Chekov has developed the character of Dmitri is indeed commendable. At the start of the novel he is portrayed as a typical detestable male chauvinist but by the end of the story, he is greatly changed by love and the readers start to feel for him. It is the power of love which forces Gurov to be dissatisfied by his life and routine. The love compels a married woman to have an affair out of her marriage. However accompanying love is the guilt that is pinching the conscience of both the characters. Despite being in love with Gurov, Anna feels happy and relieved to return back to his husband. The separation however does not last for long. Driven madly by the desire to meet Anna, Gurov leaves his city to find her so that he could confess his love fo r her. Even though Anna knows she is married, she yearns to break away from his husband and return to the love of her life. Love strengthens her conviction to meet Gurov and at the end of the story she sets out a plan to go away from her husband to meet him. To make the theme so vivid and so interesting, setting of the story plays an important role. The most essential element of the story is its dual setting. The dual setting plays an important role in shaping up the story. Yalta has been depicted as a state which is famous for its ‘stories of immorality’. Gurov is tempted by the beauty of the city to find a partner to spend time with. Then the city itself creates an atmosphere of romance by its ‘heat’, ‘the chirrup of the grasshoppers’ and the ‘smell of the sea’. The atmosphere has a direct effect on Gurov and Anna by setting a romantic mood for them. The setting is comparable to the moods of the lovers. Both the characters are su rrounded by the beauty and serenity of the city which brings them very close to each other. After Anna departs, it starts to get ‘cold’ symbolizing the onset of autumn in the city as well as in the life of Gurov. Then we see the city of Moscow, where Gurov returned. Moscow has been shown as a busy city with everything in perfect routine. The mornings are ‘dark’ which compliments Gurov’s mood. He feels gloomy and disgruntled by his life and yearns to meet Anna again. Chekhov has indeed remarkably created the setting of the story to match the mood of its characters. The Author Antonio Chekhov has written a number of short stories, all of which have been very popular among the readers. I find this story very interesting and appealing. They way Chekhov has narrated the story and the shown the connection between the two major characters is truly remarkable. The story proceeds smoothly without any glitches with the same theme of love circulating around the characters which maintains the readers’ attention. The literary devices and symbolism used in the story further increases the curiosity of the readers. This could very well be seen by the ‘silence’ of Anna which she maintains after most of the questions asked by Gurov. Moreover the author has connected the element of uncertainty and reluctance with every major character. Gurov is uncertain about continuing his relationship with Anna, Anna’

Security A+ policy Document Project Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Security A+ policy Document Project - Case Study Example business dealings, processes and tasks. However, in order to achieve these objectives, policies and procedures that are already in place such as, Acceptable Use Policy of Global Distribution, Inc. Information security is the basis for the business that must be incorporated into each element of the organization for instance, administrative service, planning and development, sales and marketing and operations. In addition, these functions need particular controls for mitigating the risk from normal business operations. State and federal laws that are associated with information security and privacy policies are applicable to Global Distribution, Inc., as non-compliance will impose fines, stakeholder confidence, audits and direct revenue loss for Global Distribution, Inc. 1.1 Overview Information security has now become everyone’s business. In fact, every member of staff present at Global Distribution, Inc.is responsible in making themselves alert with the compliance with Global Distribution, Inc. policies, procedures and standards connected with information security. Similarly, a policy is measured as a strategic control followed by budgets and organizations (Osborne, 2006). Information Security is defined as: â€Å"The protection of information systems against unauthorized access to or modification of information, whether in storage, processing or transit, and against the denial of service to authorized users or the provision of service to unauthorized users, including those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter such threats† (Vacca, 2009). The three fundamental objectives regarding Information Security includes Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. This policy draft is based on these three objectives. 2 Purpose of Establishing Information Security Policy An Information Security policy is required by the Global Distribution, Inc. in order to secure information resources from upcoming threats. This is to establish confidence in stakeholder. Moreover, valuable benefits are achieved in the market by securing information security resources. In addition, maximum profit along with trust is generated among the organizations. However, security of any organization does not fully depend on Information technology. Other sources regarding threats to an organization includes vandalism, sabotage, espionage, natural disasters, online frauds, phishing etc. In fact, cyber-crimes can also compromise networks while data in transit. Some of the other threats are non-ethical hacking, viruses, Trojan, malicious codes and denial of service attacks. 2.1 Success Factors In order to implement an effective and successful security policy within Global Distribution, Inc. these factors should be made into consideration: Absolute and inclusive security policy along with security objectives that is parallel to the business objectives of Global Distribution, Inc. A methodology that is compatible along with the Global Distribution, Inc. I n order to support Global Distribution, Inc., a comprehensive and visible senior management is needed. Extremely visible support from Global Distribution, Inc. executive management. Complete and thorough information regarding risk management and security requirement practices. Security requirements are communicated to the Global Distribution, Inc. managers, business partners, clients, software developers and outsourced

Teaching Values in the Classroom

Teaching Values in the Classroom Replace an empty mind with an open one Malcolm Forbes simple quote above explains one important aspect of education which is that of broadening the mind. This could be one purpose of education but not the only one. A purpose could differ from one society to another or even from one time period to another. I shall illustrate this using the contrast between Singapores education system of the past and present. In the 1800s under the British colonial rule, education was present to make the social structure more efficient through vernacular schools. Later in the post-war period (1950s), schools were re-established to ensure societal progress on the road to self-governance. From 1960s onwards, education was seen as an essential tool for gaining the technical skills and competencies needed to face a more industrialized Singapore. Education was thus necessary to gain employment and possibly alleviate the family economic status. In the late 1970s however, there was a change proposed by late Dr. Goh Keng Swee to embrace a more efficiency-driven education where the purpose was to cater to the different learning abilities of the students to make them learn at their own pace. The present education system however has evolved to be more holistic that prepares one to be a more globalised citizen. This ultimately links to globalised job opportunities. It can be clearly seen that the purpose of education has changed from that of improving literacy rate and getting a stable job to that of gaining the 21st century values, knowledge and expertise to work in a contemporary globalised world. Purpose of Education The purpose of education does not have to be the same for each individual because it ultimately depends on what one gains from the education he receives. In my view, the purpose of education is to acquire knowledge, values and skills of the 21st century that would prepare one to face the challenges of a contemporary globalised world of today and to motivate one to pursue life-long learning. John Deweys Philosophy This purpose which is largely relevant to the current Singapores context and time frame has been mostly derived from John Deweys philosophy of education. John Dewey, a famous philosopher and educational theorist, believed that education is a process that should enhance the quality of life. He conceived an approach to education that would equip individuals with the skills and outlook that he believed were necessary for taking on the hardships and possibilities of life and thereby for building a better world. He introduced the idea of an informal educational approach whereby the teachers would centre on the curriculum, instructional settings and the physical setting of the learning experience. Hence, teachers could select and come up with innovative learning activities that would stimulate the students to process and apply their curriculum content in more creative and original ways. John Dewey also states that education involves reconstruction of a students prior understanding and knowledge as he/she asks new questions and explores other perceptions of the like. This makes education a transformative process where one does not gain new knowledge but rather expands on his existing one. This transformation would continue so long as new knowledge and information is discovered and learnt. His theories therefore suggest that education has to be practical, engaging and transformational on top of just knowledge acquisition. Since his philosophy is more in line with Singapores educational system and cultural context, I have used it as a foundation for developing my purpose of education. Positive Implications Students The educational purpose does have its implications on both the teaching and learning community in Singapore, in particular to teachers and students in Singapore schools. The purpose can be split into two components, firstly the acquiring of 21st century competencies for a globalised world and secondly the motivation for life-long learning. The former would allow students to become global players on an international platform. This would open the doors for better job prospects in the near future and thus render them internationally employable since job expectations have increased tremendously to include social communication, information technology, critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The latter would make individuals active learners as they are more independent of their learning process and will not depend on the teachers for spoon-feeding information. Thus when they are encouraged to find out for themselves, it will become a quest for knowledge. How is this implied? The Ministry of Education (MOE) has shifted its focus to adapt a more holistic educational approach by introducing the 21st century competencies and desired outcomes framework which illustrates the skills and values that an individual would possess after completing his education in Singapore. My main focus would be the inner red ring which represents the socio-emotional values that students will develop together with their core values and the outer orange ring which represents the 21st century skills that the students will gain. These are similar to the purpose that I have pointed out above which is that of acquiring the knowledge, values and skills of the 21st century. Schools have therefore revamped their teaching styles and approaches so as to equip students with these competencies. With the implementation of the Teach Less, Learn More policy in 2004, teachers have taken one step back from the traditional teaching approach and started taking the role of a facilitator in the classroom. For instance, there have been project works being introduced as part of the course curriculum as it enhances students knowledge and enables them to acquire skills like collaboration, communication and independent learning. They would also be making links across different disciplines and applying the knowledge without just memorising the facts and figures for regurgitation during examinations. Knowledge Aspect A simple example would be the Integrated Project Work (IPW) that has been initiated in Bukit Merah Secondary School. It is a group project assignment for the lower secondary students which integrates three different subjects together namely English, Science and Humanities such that the students use the content from their Science and Humanities and their language power of English to come up with a project idea based on the task assigned. The final marks would then be split equally for the three subjects. No doubt IT skills would also come into play during the research stage where internet is the main resource and the presentation stage where PowerPoint, video and other visual aids would be used. IPW has also been used in North View Primary School as well as Republic Polytechnic. Skills Aspect Another MOE initiative would be Information Communication Technology (ICT) in schools. I would use my own secondary school, Crescent Girls School (CGS) as an example. It was one of the first schools to introduce Mobile Learning (m-learning) through the use of tablet PCs in 2003. These PCs replaced the normal textbooks used by students as digital textbooks came into play and specialised software applications were installed as additional learning tools for Mathematics, English, Art and Geography. For instance, when preparing for our Oral Examinations, we recorded ourselves reading out a text and uploaded it as a podcast in our schools web portal. Our English teacher then gave us her comments for improvement after hearing it. This method increased the efficiency as it could be done outside curriculum time with no individual consultations with the teacher while also making preparations for exams more fun. Group discussions were further facilitated by the portable PCs. These Tablet PCs al lowed students to easily obtain information, expand their learning environment, find resources for innovative ideas and think critically. Values Aspect Lastly, I will look at the Social Emotional Learning programmes that are in place in schools. Compulsory Community Involvement Programmes (CIP) and Service-Learning initiatives allow students to gain awareness of their community and possibly the global environment. They can hone their core values such as graciousness, courtesy, integrity, care and concern which define an individual. Values like resilience, perseverance and confidence which are needed to overcome the challenges ahead are also instilled and developed via workshops. Just focusing on the skills and knowledge alone does not guarantee success so one must not ignore the values that shape a person. These 3 aspects help to explain how my purpose has actually been achieved through some policies and pedagogies being effectively carried out in the local schools. 1) Negative Implication Students Stress On the other hand, there is the stress factor. As students have to learn the content as well as develop their other areas to face the globalised world, they would undoubtedly encounter the pressure of meeting deadlines and studying for their examinations. I believe that more time has to be set aside for revision for exams as these grades are clearly reflected in our academic certificates. When projects are assigned, more time should be allocated to prepare for the presentations and yet it has to be ensured that they do not clash with other deadlines and exam dates. Proper organization is of the essence here. Hate studying attitude Secondly, pushing the potential of students at a young age could possibly make them hate studying. An example would be the introduction of Science in Primary 1. Although this move was to allow students to gain an exposure before being formally taught the subject in Primary 3, it would only confuse students especially since they have only stepped out of kindergarten into a new territory, the Primary School. Being bombarded with new information at this age could terrify them. I feel that it is better to familiarise them with the foundational subjects such as English, Mathematics and Mother Tongue first and let them get a grip on these first. 2) Positive Implication Teachers Boost for creativity Moving on, the next level of the school fraternity is the teachers. My purpose of education would give teachers the freedom to conduct their lessons in a more interesting and engaging way that is more effective for the students learning. Teachers can retain their formal role as an educator by imparting content knowledge but deviate from the conventional teaching method of reading from and writing on whiteboards to encouraging role-play and debates in the classroom setting. Thus, teachers come up with innovative indirect teaching approaches that will largely boost their own creativity and originality in planning lessons. It would give them the opportunity for trial-and-error as they try out new ideas to reach out better to their students. Professional Development As teachers motivate their students to be life-long learners, they themselves are motivated in the process to learn as they teach. This brings about professional development on the teachers part which can be seen as another positive implication as the former principal of CGS, Mrs Lee Bee Yann once mentioned that Teachers have become more confident and reflective practitioners when asked about the impact of m-learning on teachers. The teaching career would also seem more fulfilling and rewarding as they teach students important life skills infused with content knowledge rather than just English, Mathematics and Science alone. 3) Negative Implication Teachers Stress Trying to mould each individual to acquire the required 21st century competencies and motive them to be independent learners can be seen as not an easy task since each individual differs in their own set of strengths and weaknesses. This may contribute to stress of a different kind that relates to the question of How to teach as creatively as possible yet ensuring that the student gains the necessary skills out of it? Attending educational forums overseas could help teachers see how teaching is done in other schools on a worldwide scale and implement them in their schools. Also via cooperative learning, ideas can be shared among colleagues. Moreover it will not seem to be a daunting task once the psychological behaviour of students are understood and their motivational factors are identified as these would aid in getting them to acquire the knowledge and skills while shaping their values. Conclusion The purpose of education, which I derived from John Deweys philosophy, is that of acquiring knowledge, skills and values of the 21st century that would prepare one to face the challenges of a contemporary globalised world of today and that of being motivated to pursue life-long learning. However, the purpose has both positive and negative implications for the teachers and students in Singapore Schools but there are possible suggested solutions which can minimize the negative effects. My purpose may not be the only purpose of education. As I mentioned earlier different individuals will have their own purpose depending on their future goals. It may be subjective but most definitely not wrong.